Exam 5 Flashcards
All animals except sponges have _____, groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
tissues
One key adaptation of animals was the evolution of an ____ ____, a fluid-filled gap between the outer wall of the body and the outer wall of the digestive system
body cavity
Cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ____ ____, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves. All other adult animals display ____ ____, meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves
radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry
All animals eat other organisms in order to gain building materials for the body. This makes them _____, since they obtain necessary energy and chemical building blocks from the environment
heterotrophs
All animals are _____, organisms with cells that are relatively large, complex, and contain membrane-enclosed organelles such as the nucleus
eukaryotes
which of the following is a defining characteristic of animals but not of plants?
Animals, but not plants, are heterotrophs
the animal phyla can be divided into three separate clades based on which characteristic
the symmetry of the body
what happened during the cambrian explosion
there was a rapid diversification of animal forms
most animals fall into one of how many phyla?
9
how many of the animal phyla include single-celled animals
0
What defines radial symmetry?
any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organisms split it into equal halves
being a heterotroph means
obtaining your food by eating other organisms
the first animals evolved from ____
protists
which specialized structures are unique to the cnidarians
stinging cells
sponges are mostly found in ____
marine ecosystems
which body form of the cnidarians is sessile
the polyp
what do sponges and cnidarians have in common
none of the above are characteristics that sponges and cnidarians
which of the following best describes sponges?
they are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move
which of the following best describes cnidarians
they have radial body symmetry, tissues, and stinging cells
which characteristic do all mollusks have?
mantle
flatworms are most closely related to the ______
annelids
serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum
annelids
roundworms are more closely related to arthropods than to flatworms
true
which arthropod subgroup includes the spiders?
arachnids
many, though not all, mollusks have a shell. what secretes the shell?
the mantle
which of the following best describes mollusks?
they are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body sometimes covered with a shell
some restaurants serve seafood platters that contain oysters, mussels, and clams. such platters therefore consist of ______
mollusks
gastropods are the most numerous group of mollusks and include the ______
snails and slugs
which characteristic is found in all arthropods
an exoskeleton made of chitin
worms all appear to be closely related but have distinct evolutionary histories, resulting in the classification of worms into ______ phyla
threee
which arthropod subgroup includes animals with six legs?
insects
which of the following phyla is the most diverse and numerous of all animal phyla?
the arthropods
which phylum is most closely related to the arthropods?
the roundworms
most chordates are _____
vertebrates
the echinoderms are most closely related to the _______
chordates
all vertebrates have _______
a skull and a backbone
which of the following features are used to identify chordates?
all of the above are features used to identify chordates
which chordate trait evolved first
skull and backbone
which is most closely related to the hagfishes
lampreys
compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water
their eggs do not have an amnion to prevent them from drying out
which group of fishes have rise to amphibians
lobe-finned fishes
how do bony fish regulate buoyancy?
with an air-filled swim bladder
what do hammerhead sharks have in common with goldfish?
they both have a lateral line system
what is the function of a fish’s operculum?
To protect the gills
which group of fishes evolved first ( in other words, is most ancient)?
jawless fishes
although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait
all of these are distinctive amphibian traits
what characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?
lives on lands, has four limbs
what is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?
amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, whiles reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land
birds are a type of reptile
true
all mammals _____
have mammary glands and hair
which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches
marsupials
humans belong to which subgroup of mammals
eutherians
which of the following is human’s closest living relative
chimpanzees
the earliest hominin to use fire was
homo eresctus
on which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of homo sapiens
africa
which of the following is NOT a primate
all are primates
____ refers to the study of the structure of an organisms body parts, while _____ refers the study of the function of those parts
anatomy; physiology
the blood, blood vessels and heart in a human constitute _____
an organ system
form refers to ____ and function refers to ______
anatomical structure; physiological actions
organs are made up of ______ to perform a specific function
different types of tissues
what type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?
connective
which of the following is a characterisitic of smooth muscle
is controlled by involuntary nervous signals
connective tissue is the most variable of the tissue types. which one of the following is not categorized as connective tissue
muscle
tissues are made up of ____ that work together to perform a function
similar cells
what is the role of the epithelium
helps protect the body from the external environment
response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a______ feedback
negative
maintaining a steady-state internal environment, despite a changing external environment is called
homeostasis
How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?
Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.
This substance is stored in the gall bladder and released to aid in the digestion of fat
bile
What is the role of the villi?
To absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract
Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.
small intestine
What moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?
Peristaltic muscle contractions
Which of the following statements about digestion is true?
Digestion can be both mechanical and chemical, and it occurs both in the mouth and in the stomach.
The main role of the large intestine is to ________.
absorb water
The main role of the liver is to ________.
produce bile, which helps the process of digestion
Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?
In the small intestine
Which accessory organ’s secretions neutralize stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?
The pancreas
What are the four stages of food processing, ordered from beginning to end?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Which of the following can result in an ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following would NOT be considered an essential nutrient?
Dairy
An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.
cannot make by itself
Which of the following is a type of essential nutrient?
All of the above are types of essential nutrients.
What is kwashiorkor?
A malnourished condition caused by a lack of adequate protein in the diet
What causes a stomach ulcer?
A bacterial infection
____________ diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while _______ diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
The term interface can be used to describe the surface across which molecules and ions are exchanged, often diffusing between external and internal environments or between organ systems. What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?
Alveoli
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the windpipe
In what way can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?
The human cardiovascular system includes the pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.
Which are the thinnest blood vessels?
Capillaries
Choose the defining characteristic of all arteries.
They only carry blood away from the heart.
The pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood ________.
from the heart to the lungs
The ______________ is the chamber where blood enters the heart from the body and receives ____________ blood.
right atrium; deoxygenated
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a vein?
Is a location of exchange with body cells
Select the correct sequence for the pathway of blood through the heart.
Body →
Right atrium →
Right ventricle →
Lungs →
Left atrium →
Left ventricle →
Body
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial node?
To initiate the contraction of the heart
Which of the following correctly explains what a heart attack is?
Arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked
If your red blood cells have no carbohydrate markers on the membrane, what is your blood type?
O
Which of the following combinations of components of blood play a role in blood clotting?
Platelets and fibrin
Select the feature which is involved in the clotting process.
Select the feature which is involved in the clotting process.
Which of the following blood cells fights infections?
White blood cells
What is the main role of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen
Blood types A, B, AB, and O are determined by ________.
carbohydrates on the surface of the red blood cells
A person with carbohydrates A and B on the surface of their red blood cells will have which of the following blood types?
Blood type AB, as both A and B are present
Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?
The inflammatory response
What is the name of the response to an injury in which fluids leak from dilated blood vessels, causing redness and swelling?
Inflammatory response
Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?
B cells
Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system.
To produce and store large numbers of white blood cells
How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?
Memory cells
How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?
HIV destroys helper T cells.
Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?
Vaccines
What is the condition called when your body’s immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?
Allergy
What type of disorder is AIDS?
An immunodeficiency
Estradiol, a female steroid hormone, is mostly produced and secreted by ovaries into the bloodstream where the hormone can travel through the entire body. How does nature insure that estradiol only affects appropriate target cells and NOT all of the cell types in the body?
Similar to other fat-soluble hormones, estradiol diffuses through cell membranes. Once inside the cell, the hormone binds to receptor proteins, which are only present in appropriate target cells. The hormone has no effect unless bound to the matching receptor protein.
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the regulation of ____________________.
metabolism
There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?
The hypothalamus
What are hormones?
They are chemicals transported in the blood that affect target cells throughout the body.
Urine contains of mostly __________.
water
Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures of the urinary system in the creation to the excretion of urine?
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
What is the name of the tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
What is the purpose of dialysis treatments?
To detoxify dangerous chemicals in the bloodstream
What is the part of the kidney where urine is formed?
The nephron
On what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?
About day 14
Which of the following structure of the male reproductive anatomy stores sperm?
Epididymis
The release of an egg from an ovary is called ________.
ovulation
Where in the mother’s body does a developing embryo implant?
The uterus
When is an unborn child called a fetus?
From the 9th week of pregnancy to birth
What is the most common STD that is caused by bacteria?
Chlamydia
Which of the following forms of contraception is removable?
An intrauterine device
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a ________.
virus
The somatic nervous system would control which of the following?
Kicking a ball into a soccer goal
Which of the following structures of the brain consists of right and left hemispheres?
Cerebrum
The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.
central
What are the electrical signals generated by neurons called?
Action potentials
What would happen if the sensory neurons in your hand could not transmit a signal?
You could move your fingers but you could not feel something touch them.
What carries a signal from one neuron to the next?
A neurotransmitter
Sensory receptor cells convert a stimulus, such as an odor molecule or light, into an electrical signal that is conveyed to the nervous system. This process is called __________.
signal transduction
Sound is “heard” when sound waves cause structures inside your ears to physically vibrate. A signal is then sent to your brain where it is interpreted as sound. What type of receptor in the ear is responsible for the sense of hearing?
Mechanoreceptors
What type of connective tissue connects bones together?
Ligaments
Which of the following statements about bones is false?
Bones are dry and dead, made up of calcium and connective fibers with a few blood vessels running through them.
Your thigh bone, the largest bone in your body, is called the ________.
femur
A _____________________ shortens when sliding filaments move over each other in muscle contraction.
Sarcomere
Which of the following is a major protein found in muscles?
Both actin and myosin
How do the muscles in your arm extend your arm outward?
Some muscles in your arm relax, and others contract, pulling the arm straight.
Ecology is best defined as the study of ________.
the interactions between living organisms and their environments
Environmentalism is ________.
a philosophical and social movement concerned with preserving the environment
in a philosophical and social movement concerned with preserving the environment
discovery science
Ecology is a science that can be carried out by ________.
both learning by observing and running experiments to test hypotheses
Ecology and environmentalism are the same scientific discipline.
false
Which of the following is not an example of goods and services provided by the environment?
All of the above are examples of goods and services provided by the environment.
Why are photosynthetic algae limited to surface water in marine ecosystems?
Visible light cannot penetrate deeply into the ocean, even when the water is clear.
An ecosystem is a collection of all the ________ in a given area.
living and nonliving things
A community in ecology is defined as ________.
A community in ecology is defined as ________.
What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?
A community includes interacting populations without their surrounding environment, while an ecosystem includes the surrounding environment.
A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The wolf is a(n) ________.
consumer
A wolf eats a rabbit that eats grass. The grass is a ________.
producer
Abiotic factors are ________.
nonliving components of an ecosystem
All of the following are abiotic factors within an ecosystem except ________.
All of the above are abiotic factors.
All of the above are abiotic factors.
Amount of moss available to the consumers
A dispersion pattern refers to ________.
the spacing of organism throughout a habitat
An age pyramid with a broad base that quickly slopes up to a narrow top would be indicative of ________.
a developing nation
Vegetarians belong in which trophic level?
Primary consumers
A sudden natural catastrophe resulting in massive die-offs would be categorized as a density-________ limiting factor.
independent
Which growth model would you expect to see in a stable population?
Logistic
Human birth rate peaked in the 1980s and has been slowly declining ever since. How is this expected to affect our population size over the next several decades?
The human population size will continue to increase, but not as fast as before.
What can a human population’s age pyramid tell you about current and future needs?
All of the above
There are little birds that spend a great deal of time on the back of a rhinoceros and eat the blood-sucking ticks out of the rhino’s ears. The rhino greatly benefits from the relationship, since it cannot remove the ticks itself. The tick-rhino relationship is an example of ________.
parasitism
In which intermediate biome do most organisms have mechanisms to attach to the substrate and to avoid desiccation?
The intertidal zone
Why are there no large trees in the tundra?
The ground is frozen all year.
Phytoplankton is an example of a ________.
producer
Which principle states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist?
Competitive exclusion principle
The tendency of toxins to accumulate in top predators is called biological ________.
magnification
Imagine you were the manager of a national park with cheetahs. The cheetahs feed primarily on gazelles, while the gazelles eat grass. It takes an acre of grassland to feed one gazelle, and it takes ten gazelles to feed one cheetah. How much grassland do you need to support a population of 10 cheetahs?
100 acres
What type of species, if removed from the community, could lead to the collapse of the entire community?
Keystone species
The buildup of soil on bare rock by the decomposition of early colonizers is characteristic of ________ succession.
primary
The Asian kudzu bug (Megacopta cribaria) arrived in Atlanta in 2009 and is quickly spreading across the South. In addition to eating kudzu, it also eats soybeans and can decimate entire crops. The kudzu bug is a type of ________ species.
invasive
The use of multiple forms of pest control including biological, chemical, and the planting of pest-resistant crops is a strategy commonly called ________.
integrated pest management
Before it was banned in the United States in 1972, the pesticide DDT was used to treat wetlands where mosquitos breed. There, algae would accumulate DDT in their tissues. Small aquatic animals such as mayfly nymphs would eat the algae. Fish would eat the mayfly nymphs and osprey would eat the fish.
Which tropic level would have the highest DDT levels?
Tertiary consumers
At what level is biodiversity often studied and measured?
All of the above
What are the main causes of biodiversity loss?
Habitat destruction, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change
Robert Paine studied sea stars in the intertidal zone along the northern Pacific coast. When he removed sea stars from a study area, their prey, two mussel species, increased exponentially. This crowded out other species, and the overall biodiversity of the community was greatly reduced.
What role in the community did the sea star play?
Keystone species
Terrestrial biomes are defined in a large part by ________.
the dominant plants that live there
A biome characterized by warm, fairly dry climate that primarily contains grasses with scattered, isolated trees is a ________.
savanna
Of the biomes listed, which is best adapted to seasonal fires?
Chaparral
The distribution of terrestrial biomes on Earth depends mostly on ________.
both temperature and rainfall
Seed banks are centers that maintain a collection of seeds from a large number of varieties of many crop plant species.
What is the primary value of a seed bank?
Seeds stored in a bank can be used to ensure genetic biodiversity of crop plants.
Why is an estuary considered an intermediate biome?
It is the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater biomes.
How might the removal of a wetland affect a nearby city?
Wetlands reduce flooding, so the removal of a wetland would increase the likelihood of the city flooding.
Where would a coral reef most likely be found?
In the warm tropical waters where the sun can penetrate
Although freshwater biomes cover less than 1% of the Earth’s surface, they are important because ________.
All of the above are reasons why freshwater biomes are important.
Aquatic biomes cover most of the Earth’s surface.
true
Aquatic biomes are defined primarily by ________.
their salinity
What can you predict about a population if the age structure chart is shaped like a rectangle?
This population has a “0” growth rate.
A drought in Ethiopia results in the deaths of thousands of wild goats. What is this an example of?
A density independent limiting factor
All ecosystems need energy. What is the originating source for most of the energy that powers ecosystems on this planet?
Solar energy
All living things need carbon. How does most carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?
Atmospheric CO2 taken in by photosynthesis
All living things need nitrogen. How does nitrogen enter the living portion of an ecosystem?
Atmospheric N2 taken in by soil bacteria
An ecological footprint is an estimated amount of land and water required to sustain one person. It is measured in global hectares. What is the ecological footprint for an average U.S. citizen?
8.2 global hectares per person
What category describes a species that, while not presently at risk of extinction, could likely be at risk of extinction in the near future?
A threatened species
Of the following, which is contributing the most to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Combustion of fossil fuels
Using sunflower plants to naturally remove heavy toxins from contaminated soil is an example of ________.
bioremediation
The responsible management (use and conservation) of the earth’s resources indefinitely is called ________.
sustainable development
Which is the dominant greenhouse gas leading to global warming of the atmosphere?
CO2
How does an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases increase global temperatures?
By preventing some of the heat from escaping the planet’s surface
