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Exploring Concepts in Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of graph or chart would use error bars?

A

Bar graph

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2
Q

Can you prove a hypothesis?

A

No, a hypothesis can be supported but not proven

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3
Q

A ______ source is the original material presented for the first time, and a ____ source is a review or description of the original research

A

primary; secondary

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4
Q

Which of the following actions would qualify a study as pseudoscience? ?

A

Reliance or assumptions or beliefs that are not testable

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5
Q

What does 95 percent confidence error bar in a graph represent?

A

It means the authors can say with 95% confidence that the true answer falls within range depicted by the error bars

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6
Q

The _____ variable causes a change in the ____ variable

A

independent; dependent

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7
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the characteristics that qualify something as alive?

A

Uses energy, has at least once cell, is able to reproduce, and is able to respond to the environment

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8
Q

If you were conducting a study in which individuals were put on a 1300 calories/day diet for 30 days and their weight loss was tracked each day, which component would be the dependent variable and which would be the independent variable?

A

The dependent variable is the amount of weight loss, and the independent variable is the number of calories the participants consume.

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9
Q

Which of the following is correctly ordered from simplest to most complex?

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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10
Q

What is the primary purpose of conducting a double-blind experiment?

A

It removes any chance of bias on the part of the researcher

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11
Q

Which type of chart would be the best to use if you were trying to show the percentage of students who studied daily, every other day, weekly, or not at all?

A

A pie chart

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12
Q

A _____ proposes an explanation for an observation

A

hypothesis

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13
Q

what is considered the fundamental unit of matter?

A

Atom

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14
Q

The x-axis usually represents the ____ and the y-axis usually represent the ____

A

independent variable; dependent variable

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15
Q

biology is the study of _____

A

life

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16
Q

When you construct a graph, the x-axis is usually _____ and the y-axis is usually ______

A

Horizontal; vertical

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17
Q

What is the unifying the, of biology?

A

the theory of evolution by natural selection

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18
Q

How is a community different from a population?

A

A community includes different species, and a population only contains one species

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19
Q

If all of the slices of a pie chart are added up, what would be the total?

A

100?

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20
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance that has no therapeutic effect and is used as a control in an experiment.

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21
Q

a virus is not classified as alive because ______

A

it cannot reproduce on its own

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22
Q

The fundamental unit of life is the ____

A

cell

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23
Q

What is the purpose of including a key in a line graph?

A

The key explains what each line represents

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24
Q

What is the advantage of using a chart or graph rather than a table?

A

Charts and graphs display data visually, thus helping to summarize and compare information

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25
Q

What’s the sequence of the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

A

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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26
Q

How if life defined?

A

Life is defined through a set of shared characteristics that all living things display

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27
Q

Certain parasites, such as intestinal tapeworms, cannot survive outside of their host. Why are they still considered alive?

A

Survival outside of a host is not a requirement for life.

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28
Q

A population consists of _____

A

A group of interacting individuals of one species

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29
Q

The statement “There are 628 gray squirrels living on campus,” describes the _____ of gray squirrels on campus.

A

Population

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30
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

A cell

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31
Q

If you were to combine all of the ecosystems on the planet, you would obtain the ____

A

biosphere

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32
Q

Which of the following is the correct organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest, in the hierarchical order of life?

A

Ecosystem, community, population, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom

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33
Q

How is a community different from an ecosystem?

A

A community consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the non-living components that affect life as well as all of the interacting populations in a given area

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34
Q

Which of the following is an example of discovery science?

A

observing what other students in your class are wearing/

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35
Q

Which of the following is an example of hypothesis-driven science?

A

testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working

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36
Q

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order?

A

Observation, question, hypothesis, predication, experiment

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37
Q

A _____ is a testable explanation for an observation.

A

hypothesis

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38
Q

Imagine that your car is stalled and. will not start. If you add gasoline to the tank to see if that helps, which step of the scientific method are you performing?

A

experiment

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39
Q

The scientific method ______

A

is a rough recipe for answering questions, but the steps need not always need to be performed in the same order

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40
Q

What does the term theory mean to a scientist?

A

A hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments

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41
Q

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) _____

A

theory

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42
Q

Scientists use a general process known as the ____ _____ to ask and answer questions about nature

A

scientific method

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43
Q

A ______ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observation or by experiments

A

hypothesis

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44
Q

A ____ _____ involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same.

A

Controlled experiment

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45
Q

A(n) ______ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses

A

theory

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46
Q

Many medical studies include a control group in which patients receive a medically ineffective treatment that resembles the treatment tested. What do we call the ineffective treatment?

A

the placebo

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47
Q

A research team designs an experiment to increase the speed of athletes. The athletes’ diet and sleep routines are altered for two weeks. Is this an example of a controlled study?

A

No. A controlled study only changes one variable at a time

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48
Q

Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science?

A

It is wrong that male lions kill baby lions when taking over a new pride

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49
Q

What does it mean when we say, “This scientific study was published in a peer-reviewed journal”?

A

This study was evaluated by qualified and impartial experts before being published

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50
Q

What is the core theme that unifies all of biology?

A

The theory of evolution by natural selection

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51
Q

Many monosaccharides bonded together forms a ____

A

polysaccharide

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52
Q

Which of the following chemical bonds result from the unequal sharing of electrons between two or more atoms?

A

Polar covalent

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53
Q

What does pH measure in a solution?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions

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54
Q

Which chemical releases H+ when dissolved in water

A

an acid

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55
Q

What type of fat contains an unusual bond that doesn’t occur naturally?

A

Trans fat

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56
Q

Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions are called

A

elements

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57
Q

what type of bond is responsible for surface tension?

A

Hydrogen

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58
Q

The presence of ____, will minimize changes in pH

A

buffers

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59
Q

The nucleus of an atom contains

A

protons and neutrons

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60
Q

What happens to the pH of the ocean when carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere

A

It decreases

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61
Q

Elements that are essential to life but are only required in miniscule amounts are called?

A

Trace elements

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62
Q

Proteins are composed of

A

amino acids

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63
Q

Which polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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64
Q

Molecules with the same numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms are known as

A

isomers

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65
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass is collectively known as

A

matter

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66
Q

living cells are made up primarily of four elements. Select the choice that correctly lists all 4

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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67
Q

an atom that has a charge is called?

A

an ion

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68
Q

which component of a chemical reactions speeds up the reactions but it not changed by the reaction?

A

enzyme

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69
Q

The atomic number of an element corresponds to the number of _____

A

protons

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70
Q

Dietary fiber is composed of ____

A

carbohydrates

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71
Q

what is the defining element found in organic compounds?

A

carbon

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72
Q

a functional group in organic chemistry is a set of _____ attached to the carbon skeleton that often determine the properties of an organic compound.

A

atoms

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73
Q

what is the scientific name for fruit sugar?

A

Fructose

74
Q

what type of reactions breaks polymers into their monomer subunits?

A

Hydrolysis

75
Q

The specialized area of an enzyme where substrates bind is called the ______

A

active site

76
Q

what type of solution has a pH of 10

A

a basic solution

77
Q

The study of matter is called ____

A

chemistry

78
Q

If 2 or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) ______

A

molecule

79
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ______

A

Atom

80
Q

____ is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance

A

matter

81
Q

What is the most common element in your body?

A

oxygen

82
Q

During a chemical reaction, atoms are ______

A

Rearranged

83
Q

The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n)

A

covalent bond

84
Q

individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak _____ bonds

A

hydrogen

85
Q

why is one side of a single water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive

A

Electron pairs are unevenly shared between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms.

86
Q

A needle can be made to “float” on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?

A

The cohesion of water molecules to each other

87
Q

What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?

A

Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another

88
Q

Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called _____

A

Adhesion

89
Q

Water striders are common insects that can skip across the surface of ponds and streams. This lifestyles is enabled by water’s _______

A

Cohesion and resulting surface

90
Q

which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule?

A

The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms.

91
Q

Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why?

A

Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules.

92
Q

water is sometimes called the “universal solvent.” is that accurate?

A

for the most part. water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones.

93
Q

Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale measures

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

94
Q

Something with a pH of 5 would be

A

Acidic

95
Q

How might rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations lower the pH of the oceans?

A

As CO2 concentrations rise, excess CO2 is absorbed by the oceans. CO2 in the oceans can react chemically with water to form acid.

96
Q

Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain _____ bonded to other elements

A

carbon

97
Q

Why are all living organisms based on molecules that contain carbon?

A

Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms

98
Q

The 4 classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include ______

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

99
Q

Which of the following large organic molecules include table sugar

A

Carbohydrates

100
Q

What are the 4 classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

101
Q

The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller, individuals subunits involves multiple _____

A

hydrolysis reactions

102
Q

The building of a large organic molecule from small subunits involves multiple ______

A

dehydration synthesis reactions

103
Q

What do we call the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body?

A

Metabolism

104
Q

The chemical reaction shown here, in which large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts is called

A

Hydrolysis

105
Q

Follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. This most likely involves _____ reactions.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

106
Q

What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

107
Q

Which of the following represents a simple sugar (also called a monosaccharide)

A

Glucose

108
Q

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

A

Cellulose

109
Q

All lipids are ____

A

Hydrophobic

110
Q

What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

A

A glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails

111
Q

Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy

A

Trans unsaturated fat

112
Q

Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?

A

Saturated

113
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

114
Q

what kind of bonds joins amino acids together to form a protein

A

peptide bond

115
Q

To a large extent, a proteins function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein’s shape?

A

The sequence of amino acids

116
Q

What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid

A

The protein has a new shape, the amino acid chain folds incorrectly, the protein can no longer function properly

117
Q

enzymes are a type of _____

A

protein

118
Q

Why is the fluid-mosaic model ultimately the best depiction of the cell membrane?

A

It shows that the phospholipids and proteins within the layers are able to move.

119
Q

The information contained in RNA is used to produce proteins in the process of ____

A

translation

120
Q

The phosphate head of the phospholipid is ____, whereas the fatty acid tails are _____

A

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

121
Q

The DNA in prokaryotic cells is ____

A

not contained in any subcellular structure

122
Q

What is it called when carrier molecules are used to move molecules down a concentration gradient?

A

facilitated diffusion

123
Q

____ cells contain plasmids, _____ cells do not.

A

Prokaryotic; eukaryotic

124
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

A difference in the density of substances from one location to another

125
Q

What area in the nucleus is responsible for assembling ribosomal RNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleolus

126
Q

When the cell’s DNA is condensed, it is called ______ and it consists of most of the cell’s DNA and some specialized proteins

A

chromosomes

127
Q

A long extension that can propel a cell through liquid medium is known as _____

A

a flagellum

128
Q

What are the organelles of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

129
Q

The process of moving material into a cell by the membrane forming a pocket around the substance and then pinching the membrane inward is called _____

A

endocytosis

130
Q

_____ cells are larger and evolved after ______ cells

A

Eukaryotic; prokaryotic

131
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is located in the ____, and its message reaches the ribosome by passing through the _____

A

Nucleus; nuclear pores

132
Q

What is the structural difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes but smooth ER doesn’t

133
Q

What is the watery liquid surrounding the organelles in the cell?

A

Cytosol

134
Q

What occurs in the nucleus and results in the production of RNA from DNA? ?

A

Transcription

135
Q

What type of cell has membrane-bound organelles, can be unicellular or multicellular, and is structurally complex?

A

eukaryote

136
Q

Which of the following eukaryotic organelles are specific to plant cells?

A

Chloroplats

137
Q

Organelles made up of a series of membrane sacs that organize and package proteins for transport are called the ____-

A

Golgi apparatus

138
Q

What materials are required for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight

139
Q

Which of the following is a site for lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

140
Q

Which organelles are small bubbles of membrane that transport materials throughout the cell?

A

Vesicles

141
Q

What intracellular structure helps animal cells to maintain their shape?

A

The cytoskeleton

142
Q

All prokaryotes have which of the following in common?

A

Lack a true nucleus

143
Q

Identify the prokaryotic organism from the list below.

A

Bacteria

144
Q

What organelle functions to break down and recycle large molecules?

A

Lysosome

145
Q

If a cell had a damaged central vacuole, it would have difficulty performing what function?

A

Storing water

146
Q

The ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is a(n) ______ environment

A

isotonic

147
Q

An animal cell placed in a(n) _____ solution will gain water, swell, and possibly burst.

A

Hypotonic

148
Q

there is a net diffusion of water out of an animal cell when it’s placed in a(n) ______ solution

A

hypertonic

149
Q

The ideal osomotic environment for a plant cell is a(n) _____ environment

A

Hypotonic

150
Q

A plant cell placed in a(n) ______ solution will lose water and plasmolyze

A

Hypertonic

151
Q

A plant cell surrounded by a(n) _____ solution will be flaccid (limp).

A

isotonic

152
Q

The passive transport of water is specifically called ______

A

Osmosis

153
Q

Which cellular structure is unique to prokaryotic organisms?

A

Plasmids

154
Q

If you were looking at a cell under a powerful microscope, what would tell you that it is a eukaryotic cell?

A

it has a nucleus

155
Q

Which cellular structure is unique to plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

156
Q

Which cellular structure is unique to animal cells?

A

Lysosomes

157
Q

What organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

A

ER, Golgi, lysosome

158
Q

How can you tell an animal cell from a plant cell?

A

Plant cells contain a vacuole and have a cell wall; animal cells lack these structures

159
Q

Which structure selectively regulates the transport of substances into and out of a plant cell?

A

The plasma membrane

160
Q

Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane

A

Animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells

161
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?

A

2 layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within

162
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A special kind of lipid with a water-loving head and 2 water-fearing tails

163
Q

In active transport,

A

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

164
Q

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of

A

Facilitated diffusion

165
Q

Water crosses the plasma membrane

A

Through facilitated diffusion or diffusion

166
Q

The sodium-postassium pump used energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of

A

Active transport

167
Q

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. this describes the process of

A

endocytosis

168
Q

Which of the following is NOT a form of passive transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion, diffusion, osmosis

169
Q

Which form of transport requires the expenditure of energy?

A

Active transport

170
Q

What’s the definition of endocytosis?

A

The transport of large molecules into the cell.

171
Q

How does CO2 move from your blood cells into your lung cells?

A

Passive transport

172
Q

How is DNA linked to the production of proteins?

A

DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins

173
Q

Plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic cells have rigid walls that help maintain the shape of the cell. Which structure provides this function in animal cells?

A

The cytoskeleton

174
Q

The cytoskeleton has several primary functions. The first and most obvious is that it acts as an interior skeleton that supports the rest of the cell. What is another function of the cytoskeleton?

A

It provides a series of tracks along which vesicles can move throughout the cell.

175
Q

In what ways are the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

A

Both release heat as a waste product

176
Q

What is ATP?

A

An energy molecule

177
Q

What harvests energy from food molecules to make ATP?

A

Mitochondria

178
Q

Which is the correct pathway of a protein through a cell as it is being made?

A

Ribosome, Golgi apparatus

179
Q

Final protein refinements, storage, and packaging occur ________

A

in the golgi apparatus

180
Q

Ribosomes are directly associated with which process?

A

Translation

Exploring Concepts in Biology (5 decks)

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