Exam 1 Flashcards
What type of graph or chart would use error bars?
Bar graph
Can you prove a hypothesis?
No, a hypothesis can be supported but not proven
A ______ source is the original material presented for the first time, and a ____ source is a review or description of the original research
primary; secondary
Which of the following actions would qualify a study as pseudoscience? ?
Reliance or assumptions or beliefs that are not testable
What does 95 percent confidence error bar in a graph represent?
It means the authors can say with 95% confidence that the true answer falls within range depicted by the error bars
The _____ variable causes a change in the ____ variable
independent; dependent
Which of the following correctly lists the characteristics that qualify something as alive?
Uses energy, has at least once cell, is able to reproduce, and is able to respond to the environment
If you were conducting a study in which individuals were put on a 1300 calories/day diet for 30 days and their weight loss was tracked each day, which component would be the dependent variable and which would be the independent variable?
The dependent variable is the amount of weight loss, and the independent variable is the number of calories the participants consume.
Which of the following is correctly ordered from simplest to most complex?
Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the primary purpose of conducting a double-blind experiment?
It removes any chance of bias on the part of the researcher
Which type of chart would be the best to use if you were trying to show the percentage of students who studied daily, every other day, weekly, or not at all?
A pie chart
A _____ proposes an explanation for an observation
hypothesis
what is considered the fundamental unit of matter?
Atom
The x-axis usually represents the ____ and the y-axis usually represent the ____
independent variable; dependent variable
biology is the study of _____
life
When you construct a graph, the x-axis is usually _____ and the y-axis is usually ______
Horizontal; vertical
What is the unifying the, of biology?
the theory of evolution by natural selection
How is a community different from a population?
A community includes different species, and a population only contains one species
If all of the slices of a pie chart are added up, what would be the total?
100?
What is a placebo?
A substance that has no therapeutic effect and is used as a control in an experiment.
a virus is not classified as alive because ______
it cannot reproduce on its own
The fundamental unit of life is the ____
cell
What is the purpose of including a key in a line graph?
The key explains what each line represents
What is the advantage of using a chart or graph rather than a table?
Charts and graphs display data visually, thus helping to summarize and compare information
What’s the sequence of the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?
Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
How if life defined?
Life is defined through a set of shared characteristics that all living things display
Certain parasites, such as intestinal tapeworms, cannot survive outside of their host. Why are they still considered alive?
Survival outside of a host is not a requirement for life.
A population consists of _____
A group of interacting individuals of one species
The statement “There are 628 gray squirrels living on campus,” describes the _____ of gray squirrels on campus.
Population
What is the smallest unit of life?
A cell
If you were to combine all of the ecosystems on the planet, you would obtain the ____
biosphere
Which of the following is the correct organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest, in the hierarchical order of life?
Ecosystem, community, population, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom
How is a community different from an ecosystem?
A community consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the non-living components that affect life as well as all of the interacting populations in a given area
Which of the following is an example of discovery science?
observing what other students in your class are wearing/
Which of the following is an example of hypothesis-driven science?
testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working
Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order?
Observation, question, hypothesis, predication, experiment
A _____ is a testable explanation for an observation.
hypothesis
Imagine that your car is stalled and. will not start. If you add gasoline to the tank to see if that helps, which step of the scientific method are you performing?
experiment
The scientific method ______
is a rough recipe for answering questions, but the steps need not always need to be performed in the same order
What does the term theory mean to a scientist?
A hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments
A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) _____
theory
Scientists use a general process known as the ____ _____ to ask and answer questions about nature
scientific method
A ______ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observation or by experiments
hypothesis
A ____ _____ involves running a test multiple times while changing one variable, leaving the others the same.
Controlled experiment
A(n) ______ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses
theory
Many medical studies include a control group in which patients receive a medically ineffective treatment that resembles the treatment tested. What do we call the ineffective treatment?
the placebo
A research team designs an experiment to increase the speed of athletes. The athletes’ diet and sleep routines are altered for two weeks. Is this an example of a controlled study?
No. A controlled study only changes one variable at a time
Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science?
It is wrong that male lions kill baby lions when taking over a new pride
What does it mean when we say, “This scientific study was published in a peer-reviewed journal”?
This study was evaluated by qualified and impartial experts before being published
What is the core theme that unifies all of biology?
The theory of evolution by natural selection
Many monosaccharides bonded together forms a ____
polysaccharide
Which of the following chemical bonds result from the unequal sharing of electrons between two or more atoms?
Polar covalent
What does pH measure in a solution?
Concentration of hydrogen ions
Which chemical releases H+ when dissolved in water
an acid
What type of fat contains an unusual bond that doesn’t occur naturally?
Trans fat
Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions are called
elements
what type of bond is responsible for surface tension?
Hydrogen
The presence of ____, will minimize changes in pH
buffers
The nucleus of an atom contains
protons and neutrons
What happens to the pH of the ocean when carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere
It decreases
Elements that are essential to life but are only required in miniscule amounts are called?
Trace elements
Proteins are composed of
amino acids
Which polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
Molecules with the same numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms are known as
isomers
anything that occupies space and has mass is collectively known as
matter
living cells are made up primarily of four elements. Select the choice that correctly lists all 4
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
an atom that has a charge is called?
an ion
which component of a chemical reactions speeds up the reactions but it not changed by the reaction?
enzyme
The atomic number of an element corresponds to the number of _____
protons
Dietary fiber is composed of ____
carbohydrates
what is the defining element found in organic compounds?
carbon
a functional group in organic chemistry is a set of _____ attached to the carbon skeleton that often determine the properties of an organic compound.
atoms
what is the scientific name for fruit sugar?
Fructose
what type of reactions breaks polymers into their monomer subunits?
Hydrolysis
The specialized area of an enzyme where substrates bind is called the ______
active site
what type of solution has a pH of 10
a basic solution
The study of matter is called ____
chemistry
If 2 or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) ______
molecule
The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ______
Atom
____ is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance
matter
What is the most common element in your body?
oxygen
During a chemical reaction, atoms are ______
Rearranged
The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n)
covalent bond
individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak _____ bonds
hydrogen
why is one side of a single water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive
Electron pairs are unevenly shared between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms.
A needle can be made to “float” on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?
The cohesion of water molecules to each other
What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?
Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another
Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called _____
Adhesion
Water striders are common insects that can skip across the surface of ponds and streams. This lifestyles is enabled by water’s _______
Cohesion and resulting surface
which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule?
The oxygen end is negative relative to the end with the two hydrogen atoms.
Relative to other substances, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why?
Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in their motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules.
water is sometimes called the “universal solvent.” is that accurate?
for the most part. water readily dissolves most substances, but not hydrophobic ones.
Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale measures
the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution
Something with a pH of 5 would be
Acidic
How might rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations lower the pH of the oceans?
As CO2 concentrations rise, excess CO2 is absorbed by the oceans. CO2 in the oceans can react chemically with water to form acid.
Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain _____ bonded to other elements
carbon
Why are all living organisms based on molecules that contain carbon?
Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms
The 4 classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include ______
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Which of the following large organic molecules include table sugar
Carbohydrates
What are the 4 classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller, individuals subunits involves multiple _____
hydrolysis reactions
The building of a large organic molecule from small subunits involves multiple ______
dehydration synthesis reactions
What do we call the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body?
Metabolism
The chemical reaction shown here, in which large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts is called
Hydrolysis
Follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. This most likely involves _____ reactions.
Dehydration Synthesis
What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Which of the following represents a simple sugar (also called a monosaccharide)
Glucose
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Cellulose
All lipids are ____
Hydrophobic
What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?
A glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails
Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy
Trans unsaturated fat
Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?
Saturated
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
what kind of bonds joins amino acids together to form a protein
peptide bond
To a large extent, a proteins function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein’s shape?
The sequence of amino acids
What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid
The protein has a new shape, the amino acid chain folds incorrectly, the protein can no longer function properly
enzymes are a type of _____
protein
Why is the fluid-mosaic model ultimately the best depiction of the cell membrane?
It shows that the phospholipids and proteins within the layers are able to move.
The information contained in RNA is used to produce proteins in the process of ____
translation
The phosphate head of the phospholipid is ____, whereas the fatty acid tails are _____
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
The DNA in prokaryotic cells is ____
not contained in any subcellular structure
What is it called when carrier molecules are used to move molecules down a concentration gradient?
facilitated diffusion
____ cells contain plasmids, _____ cells do not.
Prokaryotic; eukaryotic
what is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the density of substances from one location to another
What area in the nucleus is responsible for assembling ribosomal RNA in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleolus
When the cell’s DNA is condensed, it is called ______ and it consists of most of the cell’s DNA and some specialized proteins
chromosomes
A long extension that can propel a cell through liquid medium is known as _____
a flagellum
What are the organelles of photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
The process of moving material into a cell by the membrane forming a pocket around the substance and then pinching the membrane inward is called _____
endocytosis
_____ cells are larger and evolved after ______ cells
Eukaryotic; prokaryotic
Eukaryotic DNA is located in the ____, and its message reaches the ribosome by passing through the _____
Nucleus; nuclear pores
What is the structural difference between rough ER and smooth ER
Rough ER has ribosomes but smooth ER doesn’t
What is the watery liquid surrounding the organelles in the cell?
Cytosol
What occurs in the nucleus and results in the production of RNA from DNA? ?
Transcription
What type of cell has membrane-bound organelles, can be unicellular or multicellular, and is structurally complex?
eukaryote
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles are specific to plant cells?
Chloroplats
Organelles made up of a series of membrane sacs that organize and package proteins for transport are called the ____-
Golgi apparatus
What materials are required for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
Which of the following is a site for lipid synthesis?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelles are small bubbles of membrane that transport materials throughout the cell?
Vesicles
What intracellular structure helps animal cells to maintain their shape?
The cytoskeleton
All prokaryotes have which of the following in common?
Lack a true nucleus
Identify the prokaryotic organism from the list below.
Bacteria
What organelle functions to break down and recycle large molecules?
Lysosome
If a cell had a damaged central vacuole, it would have difficulty performing what function?
Storing water
The ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is a(n) ______ environment
isotonic
An animal cell placed in a(n) _____ solution will gain water, swell, and possibly burst.
Hypotonic
there is a net diffusion of water out of an animal cell when it’s placed in a(n) ______ solution
hypertonic
The ideal osomotic environment for a plant cell is a(n) _____ environment
Hypotonic
A plant cell placed in a(n) ______ solution will lose water and plasmolyze
Hypertonic
A plant cell surrounded by a(n) _____ solution will be flaccid (limp).
isotonic
The passive transport of water is specifically called ______
Osmosis
Which cellular structure is unique to prokaryotic organisms?
Plasmids
If you were looking at a cell under a powerful microscope, what would tell you that it is a eukaryotic cell?
it has a nucleus
Which cellular structure is unique to plant cells?
Chloroplasts
Which cellular structure is unique to animal cells?
Lysosomes
What organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?
ER, Golgi, lysosome
How can you tell an animal cell from a plant cell?
Plant cells contain a vacuole and have a cell wall; animal cells lack these structures
Which structure selectively regulates the transport of substances into and out of a plant cell?
The plasma membrane
Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane
Animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells
Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?
2 layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within
What is a phospholipid?
A special kind of lipid with a water-loving head and 2 water-fearing tails
In active transport,
molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
Water crosses the plasma membrane
Through facilitated diffusion or diffusion
The sodium-postassium pump used energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of
Active transport
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. this describes the process of
endocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a form of passive transport?
Facilitated diffusion, diffusion, osmosis
Which form of transport requires the expenditure of energy?
Active transport
What’s the definition of endocytosis?
The transport of large molecules into the cell.
How does CO2 move from your blood cells into your lung cells?
Passive transport
How is DNA linked to the production of proteins?
DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins
Plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic cells have rigid walls that help maintain the shape of the cell. Which structure provides this function in animal cells?
The cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton has several primary functions. The first and most obvious is that it acts as an interior skeleton that supports the rest of the cell. What is another function of the cytoskeleton?
It provides a series of tracks along which vesicles can move throughout the cell.
In what ways are the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?
Both release heat as a waste product
What is ATP?
An energy molecule
What harvests energy from food molecules to make ATP?
Mitochondria
Which is the correct pathway of a protein through a cell as it is being made?
Ribosome, Golgi apparatus
Final protein refinements, storage, and packaging occur ________
in the golgi apparatus
Ribosomes are directly associated with which process?
Translation
