Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exploring Concepts in Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance?

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The main hypothesis about the origin about of the first living organisms is called______

A

biogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the term biogenesis mean?

A

Formation of life from nonliving chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main steps of biogenesis, in the correct order?

A

Monomers, polymers, self-replicating molecules, first cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Binary fission produces ______

A

two genetically identical bacterial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called _______

A

coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?

A

Endospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?

A

They lack a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prokaryotic organisms are present in how many domains?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the following groups of organisms have in common: methanogens (methane-producing organisms), halophiles (salt-loving organisms), and the thermophiles (heat-loving organisms)?

A

They are all archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where would you expect to find methanogens?

A

In the digestive tract of cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Halophiles are a type of ______

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where fo you expect to find thermophiles?

A

In hot environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions?

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which one of the following soil-borne organisms can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium and other nitrogen compounds that can be taken up and used by plants?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The practice of using bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment is called _____

A

Bioremediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called ______

A

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which was first on the planet, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which statement is true regarding bacteria?

A

Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2 gas) into ammonium (NH4). Why is this conversion important for life on Earth?

A

Ammonium is a very important plant nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment?

A

All of the above ways in which bacteria help the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pathogen is ______

A

A name given only to bacteria that cause serious illness in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The process of _____ occurs when a bacterium internalized bits of DNA from its environment

A

transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A _____ is a small circular molecule of DNA that reproduces independently of the larger bacterial chromosome

A

plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most bacteria (and many other single-celled organisms) reproduce via ____ ______, the process of dividing a cell in half, yielding two genetically identical offspring cells

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The process of ____ involves the building of a physical bridge between two bacteria. DNA then moves across this bridge from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

A

conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The process of ______ involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus

A

transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How foes a bacterial ell obtain new DNA during the process of transformation?

A

Naked DNA from the surrounding environment is taken up by a bacterium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Viruses that infects bacteria are called _____

A

bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which is NOT a method bacteria use to generate new combinations of genes?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates _____

A

Genetically identical bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involved a physical connection between the 2 bacterial cells?

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How long did it take in the history of life on Earth to go from the first prokaryotic cells to the first eukaryotic cells?

A

Over a billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which eukaryotic structures are thought to have been the result of extensive inward folding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryotic cell?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?

A

From the inward folding of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When did the first eukaryotic cells from?

A

2.1 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?

A

Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from, how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cells divides?

A

Via binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What might be the advantage to an ancestral cell if it maintained a photosynthetic bacterium when its cytoplasm rather than digest it?

A

It could now use photosynthesis to make its food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?

A

a bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes ____ a nucleus, whereas the cells of eukaryotes ______ a nucleus.

A

lack; have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Protists are _____

A

all eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which protist group includes members with plantlike traits such as chloroplasts and multicellularity?

A

Algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

By what means do amoebas and slime molds move?

A

Pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

All protists are unicellular organisms

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Approximately when did the earth’s crust solidify?

A

4 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which began first?

A

Multicellular life in the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How long ago did the first humans appear on earth?

A

2.5 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the steps toward multicellularity, in the correct order?

A

First a colony of protists forms, then some protists start to specialize in specific tasks, and finally some cells become gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

An organism is considered truly multicellular when _______

A

its cells cannot survive on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Although generally not considered to be alive, a _____ is studied alongside other microbes such as bacteria

A

virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus is called a _____

A

capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The _____ _____ is a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell

A

lytic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The _______ _____ is a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods

A

lysogenic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

A _______ is a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host

A

prophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

A _______ is a virus that specifically infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell?

A

the lytic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which of the following do NOT get infected by viruses?

A

Animals, plants, and bacteria can all be infected by viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The introduction of smallpox to the Americas by Europeans in the colonial era devastated populations of Native Americans. However, now very few people are vaccinated against the smallpox virus. Why?

A

Smallpox virus has been eliminated from the earth by vaccination of most of the people alive today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack?

A

The ability to reproduce on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How do viruses make copies of themselves

A

By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

A

Helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How does AZT fight AIDS?

A

It blocks enzymes that converts viral RNA to DNA (called reverse transcriptase, or RT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where would you find double-stranded HIV DNA an infected cell?

A

Incorporated directly into the host cell’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Patients with advanced AIDS often die from infections that do little harm to healthy people. Why?

A

HIV infects and destroys the helper T cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

HIV has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA when infecting a human immune cell. This type of virus is called a ______

A

retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Which of the following pathogens causes mad cow disease?

A

A prion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is called a ______

A

prion

72
Q

Which of the following infects only plants?

A

Viroid

73
Q

A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ______

A

kuru

74
Q

An infectious circular piece of RNA that can infect plants is called a _____

A

viroid

75
Q

What is the most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals?

A

a protist

76
Q

All are fungi prokaryotes?

A

No, they are all eukaryotes

77
Q

Humans are most related to fungi than to plants.

A

True

78
Q

what is a major role that fungi play in ecosystems?

A

Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

79
Q

Which of the following is a fungus?

A

All of the above are types of fungi

80
Q

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

A

Chitin

81
Q

Fungi are made of bundles of threadlike _____

A

hyphae

82
Q

Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true?

A

Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually

83
Q

The edible portion of the mushroom is the _______

A

above-ground reproductive structure

84
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

By the fusion of the haploid cells from two different fungi

85
Q

Fungi spores are haploid; what distinguishes haploid spores?

A

Haploid spores have a single set of chromosomes, half the number of chromosomes of diploid organisms

86
Q

In what way are plants similar to algae?

A

Both can do photosynthesis

87
Q

What are the charophytes?

A

A type of algae that are the closet living ancestors of the first plants

88
Q

How does a plant’s cuticle allow it to live on land?

A

by preventing water loss

89
Q

If a fungicide was applied near a plant, how might it kill the plant?

A

By killing the fungus associated with the plant’s roots

90
Q

What are some challenges land plants face compared to life in the water?

A

All of the above are challenges faced by land plants

91
Q

What characteristic do plants, algae, and some bacteria have in common that is not shared with fungi or animals?

A

They can do photosynthesis

92
Q

Fungicides are used to treat fungal diseases of plants. However, experts have warned gardeners that application of a fungicide can sometimes kill the plant as well as the fungal disease. Propose an explanation for how this might happen?

A

Fungicides might kill fungi that are part of the plant’s mycorrhizae

93
Q

What are two types of symbiotic relationships in plant roots?

A

Bacteria in root nodules, fungi in mycorrhizae

94
Q

Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use?

A

In the roots

95
Q

Why are roots essential for terrestrial plants?

A

They absorb water and nutrients needed for growth

96
Q

The ______ tissue system is the tissue system that forms a layer of outer protection for the plant (analogous to human skin)

A

dermal

97
Q

The _______ tissue system is the tissue system that forms a long-distance transportation system for the plant (analogous to the human circulatory system)

A

vascular

98
Q

The ______ tissue system is the tissue system that is the bulk of the plant, containing tissues that do not belong to the other two tissue systems

A

ground

99
Q

Water-conductive cells form a tissue called the _______

A

xylem

100
Q

Cells that conduct sugars and other nutrients form a tissue called the _____

A

phloem

101
Q

The _____ are small pores in the dermal tissue system that allow for gas exchange

A

stomata

102
Q

The ___ ____ control the opening of the gas-exchanging pores in the dermal tissue system

A

guard cells

103
Q

The ground tissue of a leaf, which is the primary site of photosynthesis, is called ______

A

mesophyll

104
Q

if the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant?

A

Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots.

105
Q

In which tissue system of plants would you expect to find the guard cells?

A

dermal tissue system

106
Q

what are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems

107
Q

All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems.

A

True

108
Q

What is the order in which the four major groups of plants evolved, from the most ancient to the most recent origin?

A

Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

109
Q

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?

A

Seeds

110
Q

Which of the following is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?

A

Flowers

111
Q

All plant life cycles consists of an alternation of generations. What is the haploid stage of plant life cycle called?

A

gametophyte

112
Q

What does gametophyte produce?

A

Haploid gametes

113
Q

while mosses can cover a significant area of land, they are never more than a few centimeters tall. Why do they not grow tall?

A

They have no vascular system, so they cannot transport water over long distances

114
Q

Why must mosses live in moist environments?

A

Because they depend in water to reproduce

115
Q

Which of the following terms describes water molecules sticking to other water molecules?

A

cohesion

116
Q

The loss of water from plants through transpiration

A

is an important part of the mechanism that pulls water from a plant’s roots to its leaves

117
Q

Which of the folloeing describes the correct order in which water moves through a plant and into the atmosphere?

A

Root, xylem, leaf cells, air space inside leaves, outside air

118
Q

The function of a root hair is to

A

increase the surface area available for absorption in plant roots

119
Q

which of the following allows plants to be selective about the molecules that enter the xylem?

A

A waxy barrier in the plant root

120
Q

Water exits a plant through pores called _____. surrounding each pore is a pair of cells called _____ _____ that regulates the opening of the pore.

A

stomata; guard cells

121
Q

Xylem sap is moved through a plant’s body by the process of _____, which relies on the evaporation from the leaves to pull water up the body of a plant.

A

transpiration

122
Q

within phloem tissue, glucose and other sugar are always transported from an _____ ____, a part of the plant where sugar is stored or produced, to an ____ ____, a part of the plant where sugar is used.

A

sugar source; sugar sink

123
Q

there are two types of vascular tissue within plants. Water and minerals are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant in ____, while sugars are transported from one part of the plant to another in ______

A

xylem; phloem

124
Q

The ____ ____ system is a series of tubes within the body of plant through which water, minerals, and sugars are transported

A

vascular tissue

125
Q

The xylem is made from _____

A

dead, hollow cells

126
Q

The xylem primarily transports ______, while the phloem transports _______

A

water and minerals; sugars

127
Q

What kinds of plant were transformed into coal?

A

ferns and their relatives

128
Q

ferns often have small bumps arranged in rows on their undersides. What are these structures?

A

Spore capsules

129
Q

The tall ferns that we typically see in the tropics and temperate woodlands are the ____

A

sporophytes

130
Q

What role does lignin play in a plant’s adaptation to life on land?

A

it strengthens the cell wall to allow plants to stand up straight and tall

131
Q

Which is NOT an adaptation of the gymnosperms

A

flowers

132
Q

why do pine trees have two different types of cones

A

one type produces ovules, the other type produces pollen

133
Q

Which statement related to gymnosperm reproduction is true?

A

Spores produce pollen grains, which contain sperm.

134
Q

Not all plants have seeds. What main advantage do seeds provide a plant?

A

Seeds allow plants to be independent of water for reproduction

135
Q

Why are gymnosperms no longer restricted to moist environment, as are ferns and mosses?

A

Because they have a new adaptation, seeds, that allow gametes independence from water

136
Q

The most important adaptation that differentiates angiosperms from other types of plants is their ________

A

flowers

137
Q

What group of plants provides most of our food?

A

Angiosperms

138
Q

What plant group has the largest number of living species?

A

Flowering plants

139
Q

Most of our food crops come from angiosperms

A

True

140
Q

Which type of angiosperm typically has parallel leaf veins and a fibrous root system?

A

Monocot

141
Q

What structure of angiosperm attracts animals as a way to disperse seeds?

A

Fruit

142
Q

The male part of the flower is the _____

A

stamen

143
Q

The pollen tube grows from the ______ to the ______, where it eventually fertilizes the egg.

A

stigma; ovule

144
Q

What is a fruit?

A

A mature ovary

145
Q

What is the main purpose of flowers?

A

To attract pollinators

146
Q

What is the reproductive organ of angiosperms?

A

Flowers

147
Q

In the process of _____ _____, a plant lengthens upward toward sunlight.

A

primary growth

148
Q

_______ are plants that grow and produce seeds for many seasons before they die

A

Perennials

149
Q

The growth rings of a tree occur during _____ ____, the thickening of a plant over many growing seasons

A

secondary growth

150
Q

All growth of a flowering plant takes place within specialized tissues called _____

A

meristems

151
Q

_______ are plants that sprout from a seed and grow in their first season, and then produce seeds and fruit and die in the next growing season

A

Biennials

152
Q

_________ are plants that sprout from a seed, grow, flower, and die all in one growing season

A

Annuals

153
Q

In which region of the plant are you most likely to find cells dividing by mitosis?

A

The meristem region

154
Q

What causes the annual growth rings of trees?

A

Different growth rates at different times of the year

155
Q

A plant that produces flowers and seeds in its second year and then dies is called ______

A

a biennial

156
Q

Assuming it doesn’t die unexpectedly, how often would you need to replant an annual plant?

A

Every year

157
Q

Root pressure is positive pressure that helps to push water up out of the roots and into the aboveground plant. How is it formed?

A

Root cells bring mineral nutrients into the root using active transport. This sets up a concentration gradient that draws water into the root by osmosis

158
Q

Water vapor moves our os leaves through open stomata. This process is known as _______

A

transpiration

159
Q

Xylem tissues create a system of very thin pipes that connect plant roots and leaves. Which option best describes the nature and function of xylem tissue?

A

Xylem is dead tissue. The pipes convey xylem sap from the roots to the leaves. Active transport is not important in moving xylem sap.

160
Q

Imagine that you spray a large, actively growing tree with a sealant that instantly seals off all of the stomata. What would happen in the xylem system?

A

The flow of xylem sap would stop, except for some minimal upward movement that might be generated by root pressure

161
Q

What happens to the xylem system during drought, when water is scarce?

A

Falling moisture levels in the leaf cause the guard cells to change shape, closing the stomata. This reduces water loss from the plant

162
Q

which of the following options lists the correct sequence of the appearance of the four major groups of plants in the fossil record, from most ancestral to most recent?

A

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

163
Q

Which of the following evolutionary adaptations contributed to the ability of bryophytes to colonize land?

A

waxy cuticle

164
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?

A

to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant

165
Q

The main evolutionary advantage of pollen is ________

A

the ability to transport male gametes without water

166
Q

Which of the following is an example of an angiosperm?

A

oak tree

167
Q

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?

A

Domain

168
Q

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?

A

Genus

169
Q

all prokaryotes are in the domain

A

Prokaryotes are in different domains

170
Q

Which grouping includes all of the protists?

A

Domain Eukarya

171
Q

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow?

A

Taxonomy

172
Q

The domain Eukarya is divided into kingdoms. Which of these kingdoms includes members that are highly diverse and do not fit neatly into a single classification scheme?

A

Protists

173
Q

Some of the “branches” of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?

A

Extinct species

174
Q

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________

A

A common ancestor and all its descendants

175
Q

In older classifications schemes, the group called Reptilia was defined as consisting of lizards, turtles, and snakes. Birds were separated into the group called Aves. Why is Aves not a clade?

A

It does not include the reptiles

Exploring Concepts in Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions