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Exploring Concepts in Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Water behind a dam bridge has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam.

A

Potential

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2
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

The capacity to do work

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3
Q

Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _______

A

total energy input equals total energy output

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4
Q

Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy

A

Stored

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5
Q

What is the highest in chemical energy?

A

one molecule of glucose

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6
Q

In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _________

A

high-energy electrons “fall” to lower energy levels

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7
Q

Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.

A

To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life’s processes.

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8
Q

Identify the principal role of photosynthesis

A

To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars.

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9
Q

Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet

A

The sun

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10
Q

Which processes can be carried out by consumers?

A

Only cellular respiration

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11
Q

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?

A

Chloroplasts

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12
Q

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration

A

Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP

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13
Q

How does water enter a plant?

A

Through the roots

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14
Q

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc) in the fall?

A

The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible

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15
Q

Imagine a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll. Which colors of light would be most beneficial to the plant?

A

violet-blue

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16
Q

The thick fluids inside the chloroplast is where many of the reactions of photosynthesis take place. This fluid is called _____

A

Stroma

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17
Q

One of the single pancake-like discs in a chloroplast is called a _____

A

thylakoid

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18
Q

One of the “stacks of pancakes” is called a ______

A

granum

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19
Q

The gases needed as inputs for photosynthesis enter the plant through small pores called ______

A

Stoma

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20
Q

Which equations represent photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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21
Q

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

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22
Q

What connects the 2 photosystems in the light reactions

A

An electron transport chain

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23
Q

What 2 molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

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24
Q

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

A

H2O

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25
Q

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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26
Q

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the calvin cycle?

A

NADPH

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27
Q

The light reactions take place in the _____ and the calvin cycle takes place in the ______

A

thylakoids; stroma

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28
Q

Which best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

Water + Carbon Dioxide + energy = Sugar + Oxygen

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29
Q

How do we know green light is NOT absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts.

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30
Q

Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.

A

It is a waste product in the light reactions

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31
Q

What is the role of light in photosynthesis

A

It excites electrons

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32
Q

What molecules link the light reactions (stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle (stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

A

The electron shuttles (ATP and NADPH)

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33
Q

The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ______

A

Sugar

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34
Q

Identify the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

A

It’s splits to become incorporated into sugars

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35
Q

The bulk of the mass of a plant is made from ______

A

Sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide

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36
Q

During the Calvin cycle, plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to drive _____

A

The synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide

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37
Q

Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?

A

ATP

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38
Q

How does ATP release energy that can be used by living cells?

A

By breaking a bond within an ATP molecule

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39
Q

What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?

A

It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP

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40
Q

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To produce ATP

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41
Q

The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of ____, with _____ and _____ as by-products

A

ATP; CO2; water

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42
Q

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

A

Glucose

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43
Q

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration

A

glycolysis—>acetyl CoA —-> Citric acid cycle —-> electron transport chain

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44
Q

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

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45
Q

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A

glycolysis

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46
Q

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the ETC?

A

Mithochondrion

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47
Q

What describes the citric acid cycle?

A

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion

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48
Q

Which describes the ETC?

A

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration

49
Q

Identify the stage of cellular respiration where glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

A

Glycolysis

50
Q

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?

A

ETC

51
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?

A

Both the citric acid cycle and the ETC require oxygen

52
Q

What is the chemical equation for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

53
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration uses O2?

A

the ETC

54
Q

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____

A

photosynthesis

55
Q

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

A

the citric acid cycle and the ETC

56
Q

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid and 2 NADH molecules

57
Q

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____

A

in the cytoplasm

58
Q

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown if ___. Several different ___ play a role in this process.

A

glucose….enzymes

59
Q

Which part of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria?

A

The citric acid cycle and the ETC

60
Q

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose/

61
Q

Cellular respiration accomplishes 2 major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of ____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produces during ____

A

the citric acid cycle…electron transport

62
Q

NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces ___ ATP molecules per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules per FADH2 molecule

A

three…two

63
Q

In electron transport, high-energy electrons “fall” to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____

A

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP

64
Q

Alcohol is a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of ______

A

O2

65
Q

Upon fertilization, the egg and the sperm fuse to form a single cell called a(n)

A

zygote

66
Q

Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of ____

A

mitosis

67
Q

What process involving cell division results in daughter cells that are NOT identical to the parent cell?

A

Sexual reproduction

68
Q

The DNA of every of eukaryotic cell is stored in one or more ______ located in the _____

A

chromosomes; nucleus

69
Q

DNA and protein together form a complex called ____

A

chromatin

70
Q

Before a cell divides, it copies all of its chromosomes. While the 2 copies of a chromosomes are attached they are called ____ _____

A

sister chromatids

71
Q

Chromosomes contain most of the cell’s ____ which acts as the molecule of heredity

A

DNA

72
Q

A duplicated chromosome remains tightly paired with its partner at a region called the ______

A

centromere

73
Q

Human white blood cells are often multinucleated (in other words, have more than one nucleus). How many chromosomes would be present in a human would be present in a human white blood cell with 2 nuclei?

A

92

74
Q

Is the number of chromosomes in each cell of an organism a good indicator of the complexity of that organism?

A

No, the number of chromosomes does not indicate how complex an organism is

75
Q

DNA plus its associated proteins is called a _____

A

chromatin

76
Q

Genes are located on ______

A

chromosomes

77
Q

When are the chromosomes of a cell duplicated?

A

Before a cell divides

78
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatics would a typical human cell after duplication but before mitosis?

A

46 chromosomes, 92 sister chromatids

79
Q

Which is the correct sequence of events during mitosis?

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes line up, sister chromatids split, nuclear membrane forms

80
Q

As mitosis begins, ______ _____ are linked together at the centromere

A

sister chromatids

81
Q

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

A

The chromosomes must be duplicated

82
Q

The centromere move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

83
Q

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

84
Q

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

85
Q

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes from during which phase of mitosis?

A

Telophase

86
Q

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _______

A

cytokinesis

87
Q

What specifically separates during anaphase of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids

88
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle after the cell has divided its DNA and during which the cytoplasm gets divided

89
Q

When does the cell plate form during cell division?

A

At the completion of plant cell mitosis

90
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in a dividing animal cell?

A

By the formation of a cleavage furrow

91
Q

In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____

A

-Growth and development
-Tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells

92
Q

Which events occur during prophase?

A

-The nuclear envelope breaks down
- Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers

93
Q

Cytokinesis ______

A

finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into 2 separate daughter cells.

94
Q

During ______, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus

A

interphase

95
Q

Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing ______

A

telophase

96
Q

What is the chromosome abnormally that causes Down syndrome

A

A nondisjunction results in a person with an extra copy of chromosome 21

97
Q

What process can lead to an individual having too many or two few chromosomes

A

Nondisjunction

98
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of pieces of homologous chromosomes

99
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Meiosis I

100
Q

Like mitosis, meiosis involves duplication of the chromosomes before division starts. However, there are _____ rounds of cell division during meiosis and _____ during mitosis

A

two; one

101
Q

Which process requires DNA to undergo duplication before it can proceed?

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

102
Q

What specifically separates during meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids

103
Q

What specifically separates during meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes

104
Q

The functions of meiosis is/are _____

A

reproduction (production of gametes)

105
Q

Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing meiosis, you see that the chromosomes have joined into XX-shaped tetrads. These tetrads are lined up along a plane that runs through the center of the cell. This cell is in _____

A

meiosis I

106
Q

Meiosis starts with _____ cells and produces ____ gametes

A
  • diploid
  • haploid
107
Q

Meiosis is typically accomplished in _______

A

three steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and then there are two cell divisions to produce a total of 4 haploid gametes

108
Q

The _____ separate in meiosis I; the _____ separate in meiosis II

A

homologous chromosomes…sister chromatids

109
Q

If mitosis makes somatic cells, what does meiosis make?

A

Gametes

110
Q

If a cell had 12 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis II, how many would each daughter cell have after the completion of meiosis II?

A

12

111
Q

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces….

A

4 haploid cells

112
Q

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

A

interphase

113
Q

During prophase I of meiosis,

A

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs

114
Q

The correct order of events during meiosis is

A

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II

115
Q

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

A

prophase I

116
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of all the chromosomes in one person’s cell

117
Q

Somatic cells are ____

A

diploid (2n)

118
Q

How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father?

A

23

Exploring Concepts in Biology (5 decks)

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