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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of these are non-vascular plants?

A

mosses

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2
Q

The xylem is vascular tissue that:

A

consists of dead tubular cells

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3
Q

The leaves of most angiosperms are flat and have a large surface. This enables the
plant to

A

perform photosynthesis

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4
Q

Parallel veins in a leaf would indicate that the plant is:

A

moncot

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5
Q

Most photosynthesis takes place in the

A

leaves

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6
Q

How does most water leave the plant

A

stoma

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7
Q

Two types of water-conducting cells are

A

tracheids and vessel elements

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8
Q

An important factor in moving water through the xylem is

A

transpiration

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9
Q

The force of attraction between two water molecules is called

A

adhesion

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10
Q

The rise of water in stems against the effects of gravity can be attributed to:

A

root pressure
capillary action
cohesion

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11
Q

When the guard cells of plants are relaxed

A

the stomata are closed

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12
Q

Xylem and phloem are

A

vascular tissue forming the vascular bundles

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13
Q

A plant responding by turning toward light is exhibiting:

A

phototropism

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14
Q

In which of the following areas of a plant would you find meristematic tissue?

A

root tip

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15
Q

The type of chemical influencing cell division and elongation

A

gibberellins

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16
Q

Which is not a function of the root

A

to make food

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17
Q

The main site of photosynthesis is the plant is

A

palisade layer

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18
Q

Monocots differ from dicots in the following ways except one

A

both are found in deciduous trees

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19
Q

Pioneer organisms are found predominantly in

A

primary succession

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20
Q

In pressure-flow hypothesis

A

phloem transports carbohydrates from leaves to roots

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21
Q

T or F Vascular plants must live where there is a steady supply of water

A

t

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22
Q

T or F Xylem moves sugar and minerals up the stem of a plant.

A

F

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23
Q

T or F All plant tissue growth originate from meristems

A

T

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24
Q

T or F Vitamin C is not an essential nutrient for plants.

A

T

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25
Q

T or F The constant gain of water through roots is called perspiration.

A

F

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26
Q

T or F Plants depend on N-fixing bacteria

A

T

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27
Q

T or F Leaching occurs when water insoluble substances are washed away.

A

F

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28
Q

T or F A plant’s greatest demands are for water, and carbon dioxide.

A

T

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29
Q

T or F Photosynthesis depends on intensity, duration, and wavelength of light.

A

T

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30
Q

T or F Macronutrients are large nutrient molecules that the plant needs.

A

F

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31
Q

name 3 things specific to monocots

A 
venation – parallel 
vascular bundles in stem – scattered 
root – fibrous 
1 cotyledon 
Floral parts are arranges in 3’s
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32
Q

name 3 things specfic to dicots

A 
veins - net-like
vascular bundles in stem - in ring
root - primary & secondary - adventitious
 2 cotyledons
 floral parts are arranged in four’s or
fives
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33
Q

Explain why one year of intensive farming can reduce soil nutrients more than
several years of natural plant growth

A
  • same plants use the same nutrients and drain soil of same minerals
  • some plants have a greater need for some nutrients (e.g. corn – nitrate)
  • irrigation can cause leaching of water soluble nutrients
  • on farms, plant crops do not naturally decompose and release nutrients back
    into the soil
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34
Q

As a florist who also dabbles in growing your own plants, explain two artificial
techniques of plant propogation and how this can help your business.

A

leaf /stem cuttings – these plants are clones of the parent and give you the same
characteristics.
grafting – these plants can give characteristics of both plants
If certain plants are selling well – you can generate more and replenish these
plants

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35
Q

From what you learned in this unit, explain in detail using correct terminology
how natural disasters like a forest fire is not always considered negative.

A

(T & I / 5, C /1)
Natural disasters can lead to secondary succession. Students need to explain
how pioneer organisms first establish themselves and the forest can rebuild
allowing new organisms and new life until it reaches the climax community

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36
Q

During exhalation, which of the following is true of the chest cavity?

A

volume decreases and pressure increases In exhaling the chest volume is decreasing.

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37
Q

In humans, gas exchange occurs in the:

A

alveoli

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38
Q

Which of the following is true about Carbon dioxide?

A
  • it combines with haemoglobin
  • it combines with water in your plasma to produce carbonic acid
  • it is dissolved in the blood plasma
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39
Q

Air is inhaled into the lungs by the following pathway

A

nasal cavity – trachea – bronchus - alveolus

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40
Q

The function of the air sacs of the lungs is to

A

provide a large surface area for gas exchange

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41
Q

Oxygenated blood enters the heart in the:

A

left atrium

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42
Q

Which of the following about the villi and microvilli (in the small intestine) is true? They…

A
  • are found in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum -increase the surface area for absorption
  • house the lacteal vessels for fat particles
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43
Q

The series of involuntary muscular contractions by which food moves through the digestive tract is called:

A

peristalsis

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44
Q

The enzyme used to split a starch molecule into its component parts is called:

A

amylase

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45
Q

The passage/area through which both air and food pass is called the:

A

pharynx

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46
Q

Which is true of the small intestine?

A

it has a large surface area and it absorbs nutrients

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47
Q

Which is released in the small intestine?

A

bile, bicarbonate, pancreatic, enzymes

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48
Q

When small nutrients pass through the intestinal wall, this is called:

A

absorption

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49
Q

Which of the following is not true?

A) 	
the pancreas produces digestive enzymes		
B) 	
bile is made in the gall 		
C) 	
the liver has many different functions	
D) 	
vitamin K is made in the large intestine
A

B

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50
Q

Which is vital in forming blood clots?

A

platelets

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51
Q 
Which of the following is not true?	
A) 	
the heart relaxing is the systole 	
B) 	
the heart relaxing is the diastole 	
C) 	
120/80 is an average blood pressure reading 	
D) 	
the pressure in the artery walls is considered blood pressure
A

A

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52
Q

Which of the following about the heart is correct?

A)
the ventricles fill with blood first
B)
the SA node causes the contraction of the ventricle
C)
the SA node starts then contract of the atria and then signals the AV node
D)
blood travels away from the heart through the pulmonary vein

A

C

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53
Q

Marcus quickly wakes up at the startling sound of his alarm clock radio. He heads downstairs and grabs a cup of coffee to drink on the way to the gym. After a heavy duty workout, he has a cold shower and then heads off to his computer programming job. When the day is done, he and his buddies gather to watch the hockey game. With 3 seconds left on the clock his favourite team shoots and scores! He and his friends toast the win with their favourite brew. It has been a stimulating and depressing day all in one!

A

Stimulants: -wakes up quickly to alarm clock -coffee (caffeine specifically) -working out -team wins game with 3 seconds to go -cold shower Depressant: -alcohol -computer programing job

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54
Q

Describe/define the terms stimulant and a depressant.

A

Stimulant: Something that makes your body high or aroused. Example cocaine, gives your body a high and then drops you very low. Cocaine is addictive and can cause suicidal thoughts, raised blood pressure and higher heart rate. Depressants: Something that cause your body calm down. Example dizapan which is used to treat anxiety this can cause a loss of coordination and drowsiness. Stimulants increase neural activity and metabolic rate. Depressants act in the opposite manner.

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55
Q

Explain how stimulants and depressants would affect Marcus’s blood pressure and heart rate.

A

: Stimulants: Caffeine: Makes your blood pressure higher and your heart rate because it stimulates adrenal glands causing more adrenaline to rush through your body. Cold Shower: After a long workout your pulse rate has already increased so going from one extreme temperature to another is going to cause his heart rate to increase further. Team wins the game: he is waiting anxiously to see if his team will win and it does this send adrenaline through your body therefore increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Depressants: Alcohol: This acts as a depressant because it slows down your heart rate and blood pressure even though people can get high it only lasts a short time.

56
Q

If Marcus’s blood pressure is normally 120/80, explain in your own words what this measurement means.

A

This means his systolic pressure is 120 (when the heart contracts). And his diastolic pressure is 80 (when the heart is relaxed). This is the average blood pressure.

57
Q

Describe one disorder of the digestive or respiratory system. Organize your answer to include the cause, symptoms, and treatment for the disorder. Comment on any lifestyle changes that could be made to help someone void suffering from this disorder.

A

Pneumonia: Disorder of the respiratory system. It’s when because of bacteria or fungi you get in your lungs your lungs become inflamed. air sacs fill with pus or fluid making transfer of O2 difficult.This can cause a fever, congestion, coughing with mucus or blood, pain when you cough and other flu like symptoms. The treatment for this disorder is antibiotics. Depending on your weight, age, and severity the doctor will prescribe the right amount you need. There is not much you could do to avoid this in the future other than washing hands to prevent infection and making sure your house doesn’t have any airborne pollutants.

58
Q

Compare veins to arteries by explaining 3 differences between these two types of vessels.

A

Arteries: -More muscular -Deep within tissue -have valves Veins: -have valves -closer to the surface -take de-oxginated blood back to heart -blood is draw from them

59
Q

Do only overweight people suffer from high blood pressure? Explain your response.

A

People who are not overweight may also suffer from high blood pressure. They may have heart disease or some other predisposition to promote high blood pressure (lack of physical activity, high salt diet etc). Yes. Obese people suffer from a higher higher blood pressure because they may have plaque build up in the heart and because they have more cholesterol and fat in there body. All this makes for a higher blood pressure

60
Q

Explain how the respiratory system and circulatory system work together.

A

The respiratory system organs work to take the air you breathe in into something your body can use. The respiratory system makes oxginated blood so that the tissues and cells can get it. The circulatory system takes the blood that your respiratory system made with oxygen and brings it throughout your body. It also removes waste and brings the de-oxginated blood back to the heart where it gets sent back to the lungs to start the whole process over again.

61
Q

Name adiagnostic procedure/equipment/technology used physicians to provide more detailed information with regard to the inner functioning of the body. Outline how the technology works and applications or uses for this procedure.

A

Ultrasound: Sends waves through your tissue creating a 3D image. It is safe for use on a pregnant women because it doesn’t use radiation like a CT scan or MRI. Also it is more portable than a CT and MRI which adds to it advantage. It can be used to monitor a foetus, muscles and the heart. Ultrasound uses a transducer to produce high frequency sound waves that bounce back from organs to produce a picture/image.

62
Q

List 2 main nutrients that are required by our bodies. Outline the function that each of these nutrients performs and list food items that would contain each of the nutrients.

A

Lipids/Fats: Two parts: Essential fatty acids: Our body makes these on it’s own so we really don’t need any fats at all. Fatty acids: We eat these even though we don’t need them. Lipids can be found in most foods like greasy foods or bacon. We need fats/lipids in our bodies for insulation and cushioning of organs + energy storage.Minerals: Help body indifferent ways and are used in different parts. Many types of minerals help with different things. Calcium: Helps your bones stay strong and grow. Found mostly in milk and other diary products. Iron: Bonds with oxygen and takes oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body. Found in haemoglobin. We eat this mostly in red meat like steak.

63
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of mitotic phases?

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

64
Q

After the process of meiosis, the resulting gametes can best be described as

A

haploid or 1n

65
Q

Nondisjunction of one chromosome during meiosis can result in

A

a trisomy

66
Q

Crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis results in

A

increased genetic variety

67
Q

Normal human sperm have:

A

22 autosmes and either a X-chromosome or a Y-chromosome

68
Q

A red carnation crossed with a white carnation produced white offspring. The genetic principle being demonstrated is:

A

law of dominance

69
Q

Individuals with the same genotype

A

have the same genetic make-up

70
Q

Which of the following is true for homologous chromosomes?
A)
They carry exactly the same alleles
B)
They carry the same genes
C)
They are attached by each other by a centromere
D)
Never exchange information through crossing-over

A

B

71
Q

Alternative forms of a gene influencing a given characteristic are called

A

alleles

72
Q

Karyotype diagrams are commonly used as a diagnostic tool for which of the following?

A

nondisjunction

73
Q

An individual carrying two identical alleles for a particular trait is known as

A

homozygous

74
Q

In the formation of gametes by a hybrid individual of genotype Bb, the allele B will go to one gamete, and the allele b will go to a different gamete. This illustrates Mendel’s law of

A

segregation

75
Q

The most important effect of independent assortment is

A

genetic variation

76
Q

An arbitrary dominant trait is located on the X chromosome. A father will transmit the gene and the resulting condition to

A

all his daughters

77
Q

If fruit flies of genotype Dd and Dd produced 1,000 offspring together, which of the following most nearly corresponds to the expected distribution of genotypes in their offspring?

A

250 DD : 500 Dd : 250 dd

78
Q

If Xh represents the allele causing hemophilia and XH represents the allele for normal clotting, the genotype for someone with the condition of hemophilia would be:

A

XH Xh, Xh Y

79
Q

If a woman is a carrier for sex-linked colour blindness, under what conditions can she have a colour-blind daughter?

A

only if her husband is colour-blind

80
Q

In tomato plants, let R = round-shaped tomatoes, r = pear-shaped tomatoes, T = tall vines, t = short vines. A tomato plant with short vines and round fruit has which possible genotypes?

A

Rrtt or RRtt

81
Q

What types of gametes would the F1 produce if the P1 were pure yellow (G =dominant) seeds x pure green (g=recessive) seeds?

A

G, g

82
Q

What percentage of the children born to parents both of whom suffer from phenylketonuria (PKU) will develop this disease? PKU is an autosomal recessive disease.

A

100%

83
Q

In Mendel’s experiments with pea plants, he crossed two plants that were heterozygous for yellow colour and heterozygous smooth seeds.

Yellow is dominant over green colour and smooth seeds are dominant over wrinkled seeds.

a. Write the P1 (parent) genotypes for this cross. (2 marks)
b. Write the possible gametes produced from each parent. (2 marks)
c. On a scrap piece of paper complete the dihybrid cross if you need to and then from this cross write the breakdown (ratio) and list the possible phenotypes for the F1 offspring. (4 marks)

A

Y=yellow y=green S=smooth s=wrinkled

a. Parent 1: YySs Parent 2: YySs
b. YS, Ys, yS, ys
c. Yellow and Smooth: 9 Yellow and Wrinkled: 3 Green and Smooth: 3 Green and Wrinkled: 1

84
Q

A three year old boy is being kept alive in a British hospital in a germ free tent. If he was not in this protective tent he would soon die, as an elder brother had done, because he has no natural immunity to disease and is incapable of producing antibodies.

This disorder is caused by a recessive sex-linked gene in the X chromosome. There is no corresponding gene on the Y chromosome.

A. Explain which parent would have been responsible for passing on this recessive sex-linked gene. (2 marks)

B. If this boy eventually fathers children, what proportion of his children will have this disorder if he marries a woman who does not have this disorder (and has no history of this disorder in her family)? (2 marks)

A

a.The dad would. b. None of his children would have this disorder because the female isn’t a carrier or has the disorder. He would give birth to two carrier females and two normal sons.
The mother is responsible for giving the X chromosome to the son. the mother would be responsible as it is a X sex related disorder. The father would have passed on the Y chromosome to his son and therefore could not have passed on the trait.

85
Q

Mitosis and meiosis are vital processes in growth and reproduction.

Clearly describe 2 similarities and 2 differences between the process of mitosis and the process of meiosis. (4 marks)

A

Similarities: Both of these processes end in cytokinsis. Both of them have the same stages but in meiosis they are completed twice. Differences: The daughter cells are genetically different (meiosis) The daughter cells are genetically the same (mitosis) Result in two daughter cells (mitosis) Result in four daughter cells (meiosis)

86
Q

Bill is completing genetic experiments on the seed colour of peas. Yellow is the dominant allele and green is the recessive allele. Bill has crossed two heterozygous yellow pea plants. He has asked for your help predicting the offspring from this test cross.

A. Explain in sentence paragraph form how you would go about setting up and crossing alleles to complete a Punnett square for this test cross. (4 marks)

B. Write the probable genotypes and phenotypes formed from this cross. You may complete the punnett square on a scrap piece of paper if you need to).

(2 marks)

A

It says above that he is crossing two heterozygous yellow pea plants. I am going to use Y for yellow and y for green. Because they are heterozygous the genotype is Yy. To make the Punnett square you make a box split it into four. Then you split up the genotypes and put the Y on the outside of the top left box the y on the top right box and you do the same along the left side. Then you pair up each getting these results; One will be YY two will be Yy and one will be yy. This means three will be yellow and only one will be green.

87
Q

Explain what is meant by codominance using either human blood types or short horn cattle as your example in your explanation.

(4 marks)

A

Co dominance is when two alleles both exist. An example of this is AB blood. Both A and B blood are present. The rest of the blood types are dominant like AO, BO, A, and B. The only exception is OO and they are recessive. Although, I don’t know about the cows I know that a checkered chicken (a chicken with both black and white feathers) is an example of co dominance. Codominance both alleles are equally expressed and each antibody (A+B) would be found in blood types.

88
Q

The colour of snap dragons is an good example of incomplete dominance.

A. Explain what is meant by incomplete dominance. (2 marks)

B. Write the % or fraction of probable F1 genotypes and phenotypes that would result from the cross of a red flowering and a white flowering snap dragon. You may use a scrap piece of paper to write out your punnett square.(2 marks)

C. If two F1 generation snap dragons were crossed, what % of the F2 generation will express the same phenotype as the F1 parents? You may use a scrap piece of paper to write out your punnett square. (1 mark)

A

a. Incomplete dominance is when two of the phenotypes are blend for example checkered chickens are co-dominance because both colours are present but, the phenotype is the chickens were incomplete dominance the chickens would be grey. b. All snap dragons would be pink 100%. c. One flower child will be white, one flower child will be red and 2 flower children will be pink.

89
Q

loss of food source, habitat, or catastrophe

A

extinction

90
Q

the study of how species are related through common ancestry

A

Phylogenty

91
Q

one allele changes spontaneously to a different form

A

mutation

92
Q

a particular characteristic of an organism that allows them to survive in an environment and eventually reproduce

A

adaption

93
Q

variations are the result of the interaction of the genes and the environment

A

natural selection

94
Q

organisms mate at different times

A

temporal isolation

95
Q

the population size is radically reduced, gene frequencies in the population are likely to change just by random chance and many genes may be lost from the population, reducing the population’s genetic variation

A

bottleeneck

96
Q

individuals move away from a population taking particular alleles out of the gene pool

A

genetic drift

97
Q

occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population

A

founders effect

98
Q

mathematical relationship predicts/shows allele frequencies from generation to generation

A

hardy-weighburg princple

99
Q

All of the following conclusions are part of the Darwin’s theory of Evolution EXCEPT:
A)
organisms evolve over time and change occurs gradually
B)
all organisms come from a common ancestry
C)
weaker species will only pass on recessive traits
D)
species multiply and evolve into new species
E)
surviving organisms have traits adaptive to their environment and pass those characteristics on to the next generation

A

c

100
Q

What is considered a vestigial organ?

A

appendix

101
Q

Which type of selection is occurring when the average phenotype is selected for and extreme phenotypes are selected against?

A

stabilizing

102
Q

Which of the following is a type of genetic drift?

A

bottleneck

103
Q

The Cambrian explosion (a period of rapid evolutionary change where many complex organisms evolved) is an example of:

A

microevolution, punctuated equilibruim

104
Q

The evolutionary change of animals and terrestrial plants is an example of:

A

macroevolution

gradualism

105
Q

Beetles with green sheen are more prevalent than beetles with a black sheen.

A

microevolution

106
Q

Evolution is principally a process of

A

modification and speciation

107
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a REPRODUCTIVE isolating mechanism?

A) 	
reproductive structural differences 	
B) 	
different courtship/mating behaviour	
C) 	
different feeding behaviour	
D) 	
gametes do not fertilize 	
E) 	
timing of courtship display (different time of day or season)
A

c

108
Q

Which of the following statements are consistent with the punctuated equilibrium’s interpretation of speciation?

A)
Evolution proceeds at a slow, steady pace
B)
Long periods of minor change are interrupted by short bursts of significant change
C)
Rapid speciation is caused by population explosions
D)
There is an equilibrium between living and extinct species
E)
Large populations evolve more rapidly than small ones

A

b

109
Q

1 / 1 point

Which of the following works to change the gene pool of a population?

A

genetic drift
natural selection
mutation
migration

110
Q

Which of the following describes best when speciation might occur?

A)
The gene pool of a population is mixed.
B)
A mutation leads to polyploidy in one plant.
C)
Two populations become physically isolated.
D)
An allele frequency stays the same

A

c

111
Q

Which of the following did NOT play a role in the formulation of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?

A)
In every generation, more offspring are produced than are needed.
B)
Natural selection favours the ones that are best adapted.
C)
Traits are to be passed on from generation to generation.
D)
Individual species actively and spontaneously change traits, which are passed on to the next generation.

Thinking (13 marks)

A

d

112
Q

Evidences for evolution include: the fossil record + carbon dating, homologous structures found on different species, embryological similarities among species, analogous structures and biochemical similarities among species. Choose two of these types of evidence and give some details and/or examples that would support the idea of “descent from a common ancestor”.

(4 marks)

A

Analogous Structures: They have a different orign, the same functions, and some similarties. A good example of this is insect and bird wings. Homologous Structures: They have the same origin, different function and some similarities. A good example of this is a dolphin flipper, human hand, and bat wing

113
Q

You are analyzing the amino acids in the haemoglobin of various species. You find that this protein in the rhesus monkeys differs by about eight amino acids from the protein from humans. The difference in this protein between mice and humans is about 26 amino acids, and the difference between lampreys (a primitive fish) and humans is about 125 amino acids. Interpret this data and explain how they relate to our understanding of evolution.

A

This shows how we may have evolved over time. starting as a fish moving up to a mouse and then most common a monkey. It shows that over time (gradulism) we may have evolved from a fish to a human. We are so like monkeys that it may show that millions of years ago that what we were and evolved through random mutation, genetic drift and of course natural selection.

114
Q

List 2 factors/events that will disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium causing evolution to occur. (2 marks)

A

HW: The mathematical equations that help solve the allele frequnicy’s in a populations from one gheneration to the next. An earthquake would throw this system off because the population may drastically change or a flood these are random events that could seriously impact the population randomly and mess up the equation.
mutation, natural selection, migration

115
Q

Describe two types of isolating mechanisms and explain how each might contribute to speciation. (4 marks)

A

Temporal Isolating mechanism: Species breed at different times of the year and different parts of the day which makes it impossible for them to breed. This makes sure we don’t have any peacock lions running around. Habitat isolating mechanisms: When species are not in the same areas or niche so they do not breed together. For example: monkeys and parrots may live in the same forest but they are on different levels of the forest. Also the mechanical isolation mechnism prevent them from physically being able to breed.

116
Q

Imagine yourself on a small boat with 10 people. The boat becomes shipwrecked on a small deserted tropical island. All 11 people on the boat survive and all have a variety of skill sets to ensure survival. The island is large enough to accommodate everyone.

A. Describe two challenges you may face? (2 marks)

B. What does it take to overcome these challenges that you named above? (2 marks)

C. Imagine you are still on the island, but five years have gone by.

How might things have changed? (2 marks)

A

A) Some may get injured. Bad weather may come to the island. B) Those who can overcome infection and the wound heals will survive. Those who can swim and find shelter will survive. C) Those who survived may go on to reproduce and the genes from the orignal survivors will be passed down to the kids making them fit and better off to survive. Also after five years they may have better shelter and there bodies may have adapted more to the food, and heat.

117
Q

Natural selection is the process by which species adapt to their environment. Natural selection is based on three principles. The first being that there is variation in a population. The second principle is that individuals of the same species compete with each other for survival. The last principle is that the individuals who survive can go on to produce more offspring and the favourable characteristics of these individuals are passed on to their offspring, so these favourable characteristics become more common in the next generation.

Comment on the process of natural selection (the 3 principles listed above) and the term survival of the fittest, as they relate to your ‘trapped on a desert island’ scenario outlined in the previous question.

(6 marks)

A

So when you get to the island your stranded. People are going to fight to survive and even though it may seem like you are one for all and all for one you do have to compete for survival. When someone gets injured, sick, or bad weather comes. The people with the genes to survive that will pull through this is called the fittest to survive. Later on when all is said and done let’s say the group gets cut in half. Those who survive will likely reproduce and those favourable genes will get passed down to the next generation.

118
Q

Choose one scientist discussed in this unit and explain the contribution they made to evolutionary theory and the impact it had on society. ( 3 marks)

A

Charles Darwin: He was a naturalist who studied at Cambridge he went on a voyage on the HMS Beagle because he knew the captain. Well there he went to many places including the Galapagos islands where he found unique species he had never seen on the mainland. He also found that at each island there were similar species but, they had evolved differently to adapt to there island. When he came back he studied the 1000’s of samples he collected and made some conclusion. Those were; organisms evolve over time, change occurs gradual, and all species come from common ancestors.

119
Q

Explain with details and using evolutionary terms how bacteria are able to become drug resistant and how this can affect society.

A

When you have an infection of some sort and you go to the doctor and you get prescribed some anti-biotic. You go to the pharmacy and you get it filled. The prescription reads you need to take 1 pill everyday at the same time for 10 days in a row on a full stomach. During that week you miss 3 days in a row and on two days you mix up the times. You think to yourself whatever I will be fine you are wrong. Because you didn’t follow the prescription your body becomes resistant and tolerant to the drug. Your body naturally selects the resistant string and it keeps on reproducing. This becomes a problem because the drug no longer works and you need to find one your body isn’t tolerant to which can be quite challenging.

120
Q

In most species that reproduce sexually, selection involves a female choosing a male and male-male competition.

A. Give and example of two species where this takes place. (2 marks)

B. Explain why this pattern of reproductive selection exists, as opposed to a male choosing a female and female-female competition. (2 marks)

A

A) Lion, peacock. B) Because the females are made to look at the males therefore they do the mating calls and most of the time look prettier. If females were to compete they may become injured and not be able to give birth or care for young.

121
Q

Outline two reasons explaining why some species have become extinct.

A

Habitat Loss: Humans are selfish and take down habitats for our own use which kills the animals or forces them to a habitat where they may not be able to survive. This may force them to where they are at the bottom of the food chain where the struggle to survive. This is almost always not the sole reason for extiction but, comes in combination with other reasons. Hunting: People can be selfish once again and they want to hunt. God says in the bible he gave us the animals to hunt and use but some people take this and abuse it by hunting to many and don’t use the whole animal. For example cutting off shark fins just for the soup and not using the rest of the body.

122
Q

Binomial nomenclature was developed by:

A

Linnaeus

123
Q

Which level of classification is the most specialized and has the greatest diversity for its level?

A

Species

124
Q

Which is not a kingdom?

A

viruses

125
Q

The scientific name of the dog is Canis familiaris. Select the incorrect statement from the following list:

A)
The word Canis is the name of the genus that includes dogs.
B)
All dogs have the same scientific name, irrespective of their breed.
C)
The scientific name is an example of binomial nomenclature.
D)
Members of the species only look alike, but are quite different in internal structure.
E)
The term familiaris refers to the species level of organization

A

d

126
Q

If organisms belong to the same Genus, which other taxa must they have in common?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family

127
Q

The study of how organisms share evolutionary histories is called:

A

Phylogeny

128
Q

The method of organizing and classifying organisms based upon their similarities is termed:

A

Taxonomy

129
Q

The term given to describe a set of cascading questions where the answers help sort organisms into more specific categories is:

A

dichotomous key

130
Q

The study of streams and ponds is called:

A

limnology

131
Q

Which of the following statements regarding food webs is incorrect?

A) 	
energy flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs	
B) 	
arrows show which way the energy flows		
C) 	
the fewer organisms the more stable 	
D) 	
made up of many interconnect food chains 	
E) 	
consists of producers and consumers
A

D

132
Q 
Which of the following is not true about animal-like protists (protozoa):		
A) 	
All are heterotrophic 	
B) 	
In general, they move to obtain food   	
C) 	
Classified largely by locomotion type		
D) 	
They are mostly terrestrial
E) 	
Reproduction is usually asexual
A

d

133
Q

You have been given the task of creating a dichotomous key to help classify a group of organisms into one of the six different Kingdoms presented in this unit. Before creating your key, you must come up with specific identifying characteristics that could be given for each Kingdom to help assist you in determining which group each organism belonged to.

List one identifying anatomical or physiological characteristic (for each of the six Kingdoms) that could be used to help classify and separate out the organisms into the correct grouping.

(6 marks)

A

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134
Q

Viruses are unique in that they do not really fit into the six Kingdom classification system. Viruses occupy an unusual position in that they sit on a threshold between living and nonliving organisms. Outline your opinion as to whether you feel viruses are living or nonliving. Make sure to support your position with three relevant points.

(4 marks)

A

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135
Q

You have been asked to be a guest speaker in a grade 9 Science class. The topic of discussion is prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In student friendly language write out a script of what you would say to these students in order to help them learn how these cells are different from one another (3 ways) and how they are similar to one another (1 way).

Finally, seeing as you know this topic might be kind of boring for them, add one bit of neat information with regard to these types of cells that might keep them interested or totally gross them out! (5 marks)

A

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136
Q

The H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 and the Ebola outbreak in 2014 raised awareness with regard to the spread of disease and reminded everyone how important it is to protect oneself in order to remain healthy.

A. Outline why viruses are dangerous to human health. (2 marks)

B. State what precautions should be taken in schools, the work place, and at home, in order to reduce infection by this or any other virus? (3 marks)

A

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137
Q

As the human population continues to grow, native wetland areas are disappearing. You have been asked to make a presentation at a town hall meeting in support of preserving local wetland areas.

In your presentation you must include the following:

  • outline two reasons why wetlands are important and need to be preserved
  • describe two ways in which humans activities are threatening wetlands
  • discuss two ways that we help protect and save existing wetlands
  • sum up your presentation by outlining why maintaining biodiversity within wetlands and all other ecosystems is important
A

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