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Bio 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of roots

A

Roots are important in anchoring the tree as well as for the uptake of water and minerals.

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2
Q

what is the function of stems

A

The stem brings water and nutrients to the leaves and carries food back to the roots. Stems also support the plant.

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3
Q

what is the function of leaves

A

The leaves are essential for using the sun’s energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis. Leaves also allow water to evaporate. This process is called transpiration.

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4
Q

what are vascular plants (2)

A
  • have internal tissue called vascular tissue

- Vascular tissue is like the veins and arteries of a plant

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5
Q

what is vascular tissue made of and what does it do (3)

A
  • xylem and phloem
  • Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves and –phloem carries sugar from the leaves down to the roots
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6
Q

what does vascular tissue allow plants to do

A

grow tall

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7
Q

what is a key identifying feature of non-vascular plant

A

These plants consist of green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts they lack vascular tissue and they lack true leaves/seeds/flowers. They are generally small and lack woody tissue. Often termed Bryophytes.

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8
Q

what are non vascular plants refereed to

A

lower plants

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9
Q

what don’t non-vascular plants have

A

not true leaves, stems, roots

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10
Q

what are tissue

A

Tissues are a group of cells working together to perform a particular function

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11
Q

what is vascular tissue made of

A

conducting tubes

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12
Q

what is xylem

A

water conducting tissue

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13
Q

what does xylem do

A

-brings water from roots to leaves
-made of dead cells and long tube like vessels
travel through xylem because of evaporation, transpiration and adhesion

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14
Q

what are phloem and how do they move

A
  • tissue that distributes dissolved carbohydrates (which are made in the leaves) throughout the plant
  • made of sieve tube cells and companion cells
  • moved through translocation
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15
Q

what does the tissue pith do

A

parenchymal tissue in the centre of roots and stems.

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16
Q

what does the tissue collenchyma do

A

important in rigid structural support.

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17
Q

what does the tissue sclerenchyma do

A

important in rigid structural support.

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18
Q

what does the tissue parenchyma do

A

important in photosynthesis and storage

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19
Q

what does the tissue epidermis do

A

this is the outermost layer of the plant.

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20
Q

what does the tissue periderm do

A

layer of tissue that replaces the epidermial tissue.

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21
Q

what does the tissue meristem do

A

this is tissue that is very important in plant growth

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22
Q

what is transpiration

A

when water from stems and leaves evaporates and more water moves up to replaces it

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23
Q

what is adhesion

A

the ablity for water to stick to the sides of the xylem due to the fact that they are polar oposite
ex. when you put paper towel on a spill

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24
Q

what is cohesion

A

the ablity of water molecolus to stick togther because of hydrogen bonds when one molecule goes to the leaf the others are pulled as well

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25
Q

what is root pressure

A

when water moves up the xylem which creates a decrease in root pressure then the water from the soil moves into the roots

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26
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane

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27
Q

does osmosis require energy

A

no

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28
Q

what does the theroy of osmosis suggest

A

water moves from a dilute solution to a concentrated one

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29
Q

do cell walls present a barrier to the movement of water

A

no

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30
Q

what does hypotonic mean

A

solution around cell is dilute and solution in cell is concentrated

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31
Q

what does hypotonic, isotonis, and hypertonic refer to

A

the solutions around the cell

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32
Q

what is a hypertonic condition

A

solution around cell is concentrated and solution in cell is dilute

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33
Q

what happens in the isotonic condition

A

the concentration is the same in and around the cell

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34
Q

what outcome does a hypotonic condition have (4)

A
  • volume increase
  • water moves from outside to side of cell
  • membrane is pushed out
  • condition is called turgid
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35
Q

what outcome does a hypertonic condition have (4)

A
  • water moves out of cell
  • volume decrease in cell
  • cell membrane moves from cell wall leaving spaces which the hypertonic solution fills
  • condition is called plasmolysis
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36
Q

what outcome does a isotonic condition have

A
  • volume is constant
  • water moves in and out at the same speed and volume
  • condition is called flacoid
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37
Q

Photosynthesis in the leaves produces

A

glucose

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38
Q

how does translocation work

A

Glucose and other sugars are dissolved and taken from the leaves to other parts of the plant through a process called translocation

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39
Q

how do we explain translocation

A

pressure-flow hypothesis

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40
Q

what is the pressure flow hypothesis

A

-carbohydrates move from their source (where they are made) to a sink (where they are stored or used). -Fluids move from high pressure (source) to low pressure (sink) through living sieve tubes (part of the phloem) with a positive pressure gradient.

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41
Q

what is the function of stems

A

A stem connects the roots to the leaves, provides support, stores food, and holds the leaves, flowers, and buds.

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42
Q

what is the function of dermal tissue

A
  • skin of plant
  • also called the epidermis
  • first line of defence
  • cells are packed tightly togther to prevent intruders
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43
Q

Explain how xylem and phloem work together to transport materials.

A

Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants

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44
Q

3 similarities between plant and animal transport systems

A
  • tube structure
  • tubes go in different directions ( xylem and phloem in plants arteries and veins in animals
  • designed to move nutrients and water around organism
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45
Q

2 differences between plant and animal transport systems

A
  • animal system is controlled by the heart and plant system is controlled is controlled by gravity alone
  • animal system has cells moving through it and plant has only water solutions
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46
Q

how does sap flow work

A
  • during warm periods pressure devolps in the tree
  • during colder periods suction devolps drawing water into the tree through the roots
  • sap flows through sapwood
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47
Q

what is the function of meristematic tissue

A

Tissues where cells are constantly dividing are called meristems or meristematic tissues. These regions produce new cells

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48
Q

what is the function of parenchyma tissue

A

he chief function of this type of tissue is photosynthesis, while parenchyma tissues without chloroplasts are generally used for food or water storage

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49
Q

what is the function of collenchyma

A

provide flexible support for organs such as leaves and flower parts.

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50
Q

what is the function of secretory tissue

A

they tissues provide texture to the organism like the grittiness of a pear

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51
Q

what is the function of the epidermis

A

Officially, the epidermis is the outermost layer of cells on all plant organs (roots, stems, leaves). The epidermis is in direct contact with the environment and therefore is subject to environmental conditions and constraints. ex. like skin

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52
Q

what is the function of the periderm

A

The periderm is made of semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells. This will be the outermost layer of bark.

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53
Q

what is the function of the sieve tube

A

The result is a sieve tube that conducts the products of photosynthesis — sugars and amino acids — from the place where they are manufactured (a “source”), e.g., leaves, to the places (“sinks”) where they are consumed or stored; such as
roots

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54
Q

what is the function of companion cells

A

Companion cells move sugars, amino acids and a variety of macromolecules into and out of the sieve elements.

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55
Q

what is the function of the pith

A

which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant

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56
Q

what is the function of the cortex

A

Cortical cells may contain stored carbohydrates or other substances such as resins, latex, essential oils, and tannins

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57
Q

what is the function of the tracheids

A

tracheids serve for support and for upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals in all vascular plants and are the only such elements in conifers and ferns.

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58
Q

what is the function of the vessels

A

the principal water-conducting cell type of flowering plants

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59
Q

what is the function of the mesophylls

A

Carries out photosynthesis and gas exchange

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60
Q

what are two types of flowering plants

A

also known as Angiosperms: the monocots and dicots

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61
Q

what are flower

A

Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant

62
Q

what are plants who reproduce using flowers called

A

angiosperms

63
Q

what parts does each flower have

A

Many flowers have the stamen (male part) and pistil (female) part in the same flower

64
Q

what does the stamen do

A

The male part produces pollen which houses sperm cells.

65
Q

what does the pistil

A

The female part produces the ovule/egg cells with are housed in the ovary.

66
Q

where does photosynthesis mainly take place

A

leaf

67
Q

what is the leaf protected by and why

A

The leaf is protected by a waxy cuticle that allows water to bead off.

68
Q

what do the specialized cells on the bottom of the leaf do

A

The specialized cells on the bottom of the leaf called guard cells that open to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen in and close to prevent water loss

69
Q

why are the guard cells called guard cells

A

The guard cells are aptly named because they regulate the stoma (plural stomata), which are the small openings in the lower epidermis of the leaf

70
Q

what occurs in the stoma

A

Evaporation that assists in transpiration occurs through the stomata

71
Q

what happens when a leaf become dehydrated

A

When a leaf is dehydrated, the guard cells close the stomata, preventing further moisture loss.

72
Q

when does the stoma open and close most frequently

A

In many plants, their stomata close at night and open in the day when photosynthesis occurs. However during the hottest part of the day stomata often close to conserve water.

73
Q

what happens when water moves out of the guard cells

A

When water moves out of the guard cells, they become limp and the stomata close

74
Q

what happens when water moves into the guard cell

A

when water moves into the guard cells, they swell up (due to turgor pressure) and the pore/stoma opens. Gases such as CO2 and O2 can diffuse into or out of the leaf.

75
Q

what is important about root and stems

A

Roots and stems are important organs for structure, anchoring, storage of carbohydrates, and transporting nutrients

76
Q

are the structures found in the root the same as what are found in the stem what is the exception

A

Some structures from the root are the same as those found in the stems, but others such as root hairs are not.

77
Q

what is a cotyledons

A

A cotyledon is part of the embryo of the seed that will eventually form the plant

78
Q

how can angiosperms be told apart

A

Angiosperms can be differentiated by their cotyledons.

79
Q

where is the embryo found

A

The embryo itself is the immature part of the plant inside the seed.

80
Q

what are monocots and give an ex

A

Some plants have one cotyledon in the seed and this is called a monocotyledon or a monocot. Corn is a monocot because the kernels have only one part.

81
Q

what are dicots and give an example

A

Some plants have two cotyledons inside the seed and these plants are called dicotyledons or dicots. An example of a dicot is a peanut – you can split the nut into two cotyledons.

82
Q

what is another difference between dicots and monocots?

petals

A

Dicots: 5
Monocots: 3

83
Q

what is another difference between dicots and monocots?

leaf veins

A

Dicots: veins that net outward from a central line
Monocots: veins which run in parallel

84
Q

what makes up the venation pattern

A

xylem and phloem

85
Q

give 4 examples of monociotsd

A

Grasses, orchids, amaryllis, and irises

86
Q

how many speceis are there of monocots

A

65 000

87
Q

how many speceis are there of dicots

A

170 000

88
Q

what are some examples of dicots

A

All deciduous trees and flowering bushes

89
Q

what is another difference between dicots and monocots?

roots

A

dicots: taproot usually present
monocots: fiberous root system

90
Q

what is another difference between dicots and monocots?

stem

A

mono: vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
di: vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring

91
Q

What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis

A

water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen,

92
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell?

A

choroplasts

93
Q

fiberous vs tap root system comparison (2 points each) in clouding best soil conditions

A 
taproot
- long cylinder shaped root aka primary root
- anchor plant in soil
- ex. carrots, turnip, dandylion
- grow longer and store food
- need rich soil deep down
fiberous 
- fine roots that absorb moisture and nutrients from the soil
- prevent soil erosion 
- ex. grass, green onions
- moist mineral rich soil
94
Q

function of the xylem and structural differences and how do they relate

A
  • Xylem is the specialised tissue of vascular plants that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stems and leaves, and provides mechanical support and storage.
  • tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are shorter, and are connected together into long tubes that are called vessels.
95
Q

function of the phloem and structural differences and how do they relate

A
  • Phloem is the vascular tissue responsible for the transport of sugars from source tissues (ex. photosynthetic leaf cells) to sink tissues (ex. non-photosynthetic root cells or developing flowers)
  • has sieve tubes the conducting elements, companion cells which are the life support, fibbers which provide structural support, and parenchyma which acts as packing martial
96
Q

how does photosynthesis happen

A

Photosynthesis can happen in plants because they have chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the pigment that makes plants green. Chlorophyll captures the Sun’s energy and uses it to make sugars out of carbon dioxide from the air and water. The sugars fuel a plant’s roots, stems, and leaves so the plant can grow.

97
Q

what is natural reproduction in plants

A

sexual reproduction in plants by pollen landing on the stigma and eventually fertilizing the ovule to form a seed.

98
Q

what is seed germination

A

-When seeds are buried into the ground and the conditions are good, they will germinate. -During germination, a young plant emerges from the protective seed coat

99
Q

what type of plants are reproduced through vegetative propagation

A

citris, potatoes, chrysanthemum

100
Q

what are 2 advantages of vp

A
  • fixed qualities of parent plant

uniform root stalk for budding or graffting

101
Q

what is the part where the leaf bud rises called and the part in between each of those leaf buds

A

nodes

internodes

102
Q

what is the bud on the end of the stem called

A

terminal bud

103
Q

what are stolons

A

above ground stems

104
Q

what are rhizomes

A

below the ground stems

105
Q

what is an example of a rhizome

A

ginger

106
Q

example of a stolon

A

pingao (grass)

107
Q

how can plants be artificially propagated

A

by methods such as cutting, grafting, and layering (or marcotting)

108
Q

what is cuttliungs

A
  • take part of the plant can be cut of such as the leaves, root, or stem
  • you can then put the cuttling into the right amount of soil and water and roots
    will sprout
  • these are clones of the parent plant
109
Q

what is grafting

A
  • when one plant is fused to another
  • often done with trees and shurbs
  • it can be done to improve the strength, make a hybrid or to repair the plant
  • this creates things like the macintosh apple and trees with distinct sections of colors
110
Q

what colours do chlorophyll absorb and reflect back

A

red and blue waves it absorbs and it reflects green

111
Q

why is sunlight important to plant growth

A

Plants rely on sunlight for photosynthesis.

112
Q

what else is a factor in the need for sunliht

A
  • how exposed the plant is during each season

- intensity of the light

113
Q

why is water essential in plant growth

A

Water provides a source of hydrogen and oxygen molecules in photosynthesis.

114
Q

what happens if there is too much or too little water

A

If there is not enough water, the plant will dry out. Too much water and the roots can be overwhelmed and drown

115
Q

is each plant the same in water consumption

A

no

116
Q

what does water carry

A

Water also carries dissolved nutrients that the plant needs for its normal function and structure. `

117
Q

how many nutrients do plants need for healthy growth

A

17

118
Q

what are the nutrients needed in large quanties called and give 3 examples

A

macronutrients. (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, and magnesium)

119
Q

what are the nutrients needed in SMALL quanties called and give 3 examples

A

micronutrients (e.g. iron, chlorine, manganese, zinc, and others)

120
Q

what else is important for plants

A

Plants also need coenzymes and cofactors to aid enzyme function in chemical reactions.

121
Q

canm the plants take nitrogen from the air

A

no: nitorgen enters the soil through decaying matter and turns into nitrates which are vital to healthy groeth for the plant

122
Q

what are phytohormones

A

eleased by the plant to regulate the growth of the plant

123
Q

what are auxins

A

important in cell elongation, bud growth and fruit ripening

124
Q

what are gibberellins

A

important in cell elongation in plant shoots and seed germination.

125
Q

what are cytokininis

A

important in growth stimulation in mesophyll and in tissue cultures to make new plants.

126
Q

what are ethylene

A

important in fruit ripening.

127
Q

what are abscisic acids

A

it is an inhibitor that promotes closure of stomata and induces bud and seed dormancy to relieve water stress.

128
Q

what is a tropism

A

A tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus.

129
Q

the two tropismes that are the most popular are

A

phototropism (growth in response to light) and hydrotropism (growth in response to water)

130
Q

what is leaf cutting and give 3 examples

A

entire leaves are removed and kept in moist sandy soil and will sprout
ex. echeveria, begonia rex, peperomia

131
Q

what is root cutting and give 3 examples

A

cut part of the root replant in nutrient moist soil with an inch above the surface exposed to air
ex. breadfruit, jasmines, ixora

132
Q

what is stem cutting and give 3 examples

A

remove flower buds, take from healthy plant, cut with sharp blade 4-6`` long, place in plastic moist bag in indirect sunlight
ex. dahila, mint, hibiscus

133
Q

what is seed germination and give 3 examples

A

cover seed with soil, water begins the growing process initiating enzymes, shoots begin to pop from the surface
ex. beans and all plants

134
Q

how are leaves specialized for photosynthesis

A

The leaf is specialized for photosynthesis because the millions of tiny chloroplasts are spread out along

135
Q

what is succession

A

The ordered change of plants in an ecosystem is called succession.

136
Q

what are the pros and cons of forest fires

A

lthough forest fires are devastating and may mean a loss of vegetation, wildlife, and property, they also result in ecosystem renewa

137
Q

what kinda of soil emerges

A

The ash-rich soil is very fertile and within weeks new seeds take root.

138
Q

what is primary succession

A

Primary succession occurs in areas where there is no soil. For example, primary succession occurs on barren rock where lichens first colonize the rock.

139
Q

what is secondary succesion

A

Secondary succession is the gradual change seen in plant life where soil already has been established.

140
Q

what is a pioneer organism

A

. Organisms that can survive extreme conditions and invade these abiotic habitats are called pioneer organisms

141
Q

when does secondary succesion occur

A

after the foresr fire

142
Q

what is the mature ecosystem called

A

climax community

143
Q

how long does succession take

A

Succession occurs over a very long time period and organisms must compete to survive.

144
Q

what is interspecfic competition

A

(competition between species

145
Q

what is intraspecfic competition

A

competition within the same species

146
Q

what are plants essential for in canadian industry’s name 3

A

They are essential not only for food, but for the housing industry, textile industry, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, herbal remedies, livestock, biofuels, and research.

147
Q

what two industrys are directly involved in the harvesting of plants

A

agriculture and forestry

148
Q

name five ways plants are used

A 
food
medicine
building matriels
flood and erosion control
recreation
149
Q

what are Roots/stems/leaves

A

Roots/stems/leaves are also used to store nutrients as well.

150
Q

how are leaves specialized

A

Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis not only by the large # of chloroplasts, but also by the great surface area exposed by leaves.

151
Q

what raw materials are needed are needed by plants to grow

A

The raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave the leaf.

152
Q

are plants important to Canada’s socirty and culture

A

We rely on plants for ecotourism as well as recreational activities such climbing, hiking, camping, drugs, and alcohol. Plant products and by-products have become part of our lives everyday with little thought on how much we rely on them or their influence.

Bio 11 (6 decks)

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