Bio 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the function of roots
A
Roots are important in anchoring the tree as well as for the uptake of water and minerals.
2
Q
what is the function of stems
A
The stem brings water and nutrients to the leaves and carries food back to the roots. Stems also support the plant.
3
Q
what is the function of leaves
A
The leaves are essential for using the sun’s energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis. Leaves also allow water to evaporate. This process is called transpiration.
4
Q
what are vascular plants (2)
A
- have internal tissue called vascular tissue
- Vascular tissue is like the veins and arteries of a plant
5
Q
what is vascular tissue made of and what does it do (3)
A
- xylem and phloem
- Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves and –phloem carries sugar from the leaves down to the roots
6
Q
what does vascular tissue allow plants to do
A
grow tall
7
Q
what is a key identifying feature of non-vascular plant
A
These plants consist of green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts they lack vascular tissue and they lack true leaves/seeds/flowers. They are generally small and lack woody tissue. Often termed Bryophytes.
8
Q
what are non vascular plants refereed to
A
lower plants
9
Q
what don’t non-vascular plants have
A
not true leaves, stems, roots
10
Q
what are tissue
A
Tissues are a group of cells working together to perform a particular function
11
Q
what is vascular tissue made of
A
conducting tubes
12
Q
what is xylem
A
water conducting tissue
13
Q
what does xylem do
A
-brings water from roots to leaves
-made of dead cells and long tube like vessels
travel through xylem because of evaporation, transpiration and adhesion
14
Q
what are phloem and how do they move
A
- tissue that distributes dissolved carbohydrates (which are made in the leaves) throughout the plant
- made of sieve tube cells and companion cells
- moved through translocation
15
Q
what does the tissue pith do
A
parenchymal tissue in the centre of roots and stems.
16
Q
what does the tissue collenchyma do
A
important in rigid structural support.
17
Q
what does the tissue sclerenchyma do
A
important in rigid structural support.
18
Q
what does the tissue parenchyma do
A
important in photosynthesis and storage
19
Q
what does the tissue epidermis do
A
this is the outermost layer of the plant.
20
Q
what does the tissue periderm do
A
layer of tissue that replaces the epidermial tissue.
21
Q
what does the tissue meristem do
A
this is tissue that is very important in plant growth
22
Q
what is transpiration
A
when water from stems and leaves evaporates and more water moves up to replaces it
23
Q
what is adhesion
A
the ablity for water to stick to the sides of the xylem due to the fact that they are polar oposite
ex. when you put paper towel on a spill
24
Q
what is cohesion
A
the ablity of water molecolus to stick togther because of hydrogen bonds when one molecule goes to the leaf the others are pulled as well
25
what is root pressure
when water moves up the xylem which creates a decrease in root pressure then the water from the soil moves into the roots
26
what is osmosis
movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a membrane
27
does osmosis require energy
no
28
what does the theroy of osmosis suggest
water moves from a dilute solution to a concentrated one
29
do cell walls present a barrier to the movement of water
no
30
what does hypotonic mean
solution around cell is dilute and solution in cell is concentrated
31
what does hypotonic, isotonis, and hypertonic refer to
the solutions around the cell
32
what is a hypertonic condition
solution around cell is concentrated and solution in cell is dilute
33
what happens in the isotonic condition
the concentration is the same in and around the cell
34
what outcome does a hypotonic condition have (4)
- volume increase
- water moves from outside to side of cell
- membrane is pushed out
- condition is called turgid
35
what outcome does a hypertonic condition have (4)
- water moves out of cell
- volume decrease in cell
- cell membrane moves from cell wall leaving spaces which the hypertonic solution fills
- condition is called plasmolysis
36
what outcome does a isotonic condition have
- volume is constant
- water moves in and out at the same speed and volume
- condition is called flacoid
37
Photosynthesis in the leaves produces
glucose
38
how does translocation work
Glucose and other sugars are dissolved and taken from the leaves to other parts of the plant through a process called translocation
39
how do we explain translocation
pressure-flow hypothesis
40
what is the pressure flow hypothesis
-carbohydrates move from their source (where they are made) to a sink (where they are stored or used). -Fluids move from high pressure (source) to low pressure (sink) through living sieve tubes (part of the phloem) with a positive pressure gradient.
41
what is the function of stems
A stem connects the roots to the leaves, provides support, stores food, and holds the leaves, flowers, and buds.
42
what is the function of dermal tissue
- skin of plant
- also called the epidermis
- first line of defence
- cells are packed tightly togther to prevent intruders
43
Explain how xylem and phloem work together to transport materials.
Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants
44
3 similarities between plant and animal transport systems
- tube structure
- tubes go in different directions ( xylem and phloem in plants arteries and veins in animals
- designed to move nutrients and water around organism
45
2 differences between plant and animal transport systems
- animal system is controlled by the heart and plant system is controlled is controlled by gravity alone
- animal system has cells moving through it and plant has only water solutions
46
how does sap flow work
- during warm periods pressure devolps in the tree
- during colder periods suction devolps drawing water into the tree through the roots
- sap flows through sapwood
47
what is the function of meristematic tissue
Tissues where cells are constantly dividing are called meristems or meristematic tissues. These regions produce new cells
48
what is the function of parenchyma tissue
he chief function of this type of tissue is photosynthesis, while parenchyma tissues without chloroplasts are generally used for food or water storage
49
what is the function of collenchyma
provide flexible support for organs such as leaves and flower parts.
50
what is the function of secretory tissue
they tissues provide texture to the organism like the grittiness of a pear
51
what is the function of the epidermis
Officially, the epidermis is the outermost layer of cells on all plant organs (roots, stems, leaves). The epidermis is in direct contact with the environment and therefore is subject to environmental conditions and constraints. ex. like skin
52
what is the function of the periderm
The periderm is made of semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells. This will be the outermost layer of bark.
53
what is the function of the sieve tube
The result is a sieve tube that conducts the products of photosynthesis — sugars and amino acids — from the place where they are manufactured (a "source"), e.g., leaves, to the places ("sinks") where they are consumed or stored; such as
roots
54
what is the function of companion cells
Companion cells move sugars, amino acids and a variety of macromolecules into and out of the sieve elements.
55
what is the function of the pith
which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant
56
what is the function of the cortex
Cortical cells may contain stored carbohydrates or other substances such as resins, latex, essential oils, and tannins
57
what is the function of the tracheids
tracheids serve for support and for upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals in all vascular plants and are the only such elements in conifers and ferns.
58
what is the function of the vessels
the principal water-conducting cell type of flowering plants
59
what is the function of the mesophylls
Carries out photosynthesis and gas exchange
60
what are two types of flowering plants
also known as Angiosperms: the monocots and dicots
61
what are flower
Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant
62
what are plants who reproduce using flowers called
angiosperms
63
what parts does each flower have
Many flowers have the stamen (male part) and pistil (female) part in the same flower
64
what does the stamen do
The male part produces pollen which houses sperm cells.
65
what does the pistil
The female part produces the ovule/egg cells with are housed in the ovary.
66
where does photosynthesis mainly take place
leaf
67
what is the leaf protected by and why
The leaf is protected by a waxy cuticle that allows water to bead off.
68
what do the specialized cells on the bottom of the leaf do
The specialized cells on the bottom of the leaf called guard cells that open to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen in and close to prevent water loss
69
why are the guard cells called guard cells
The guard cells are aptly named because they regulate the stoma (plural stomata), which are the small openings in the lower epidermis of the leaf
70
what occurs in the stoma
Evaporation that assists in transpiration occurs through the stomata
71
what happens when a leaf become dehydrated
When a leaf is dehydrated, the guard cells close the stomata, preventing further moisture loss.
72
when does the stoma open and close most frequently
In many plants, their stomata close at night and open in the day when photosynthesis occurs. However during the hottest part of the day stomata often close to conserve water.
73
what happens when water moves out of the guard cells
When water moves out of the guard cells, they become limp and the stomata close
74
what happens when water moves into the guard cell
when water moves into the guard cells, they swell up (due to turgor pressure) and the pore/stoma opens. Gases such as CO2 and O2 can diffuse into or out of the leaf.
75
what is important about root and stems
Roots and stems are important organs for structure, anchoring, storage of carbohydrates, and transporting nutrients
76
are the structures found in the root the same as what are found in the stem what is the exception
Some structures from the root are the same as those found in the stems, but others such as root hairs are not.
77
what is a cotyledons
A cotyledon is part of the embryo of the seed that will eventually form the plant
78
how can angiosperms be told apart
Angiosperms can be differentiated by their cotyledons.
79
where is the embryo found
The embryo itself is the immature part of the plant inside the seed.
80
what are monocots and give an ex
Some plants have one cotyledon in the seed and this is called a monocotyledon or a monocot. Corn is a monocot because the kernels have only one part.
81
what are dicots and give an example
Some plants have two cotyledons inside the seed and these plants are called dicotyledons or dicots. An example of a dicot is a peanut – you can split the nut into two cotyledons.
82
what is another difference between dicots and monocots?
| petals
Dicots: 5
Monocots: 3
83
what is another difference between dicots and monocots?
| leaf veins
Dicots: veins that net outward from a central line
Monocots: veins which run in parallel
84
what makes up the venation pattern
xylem and phloem
85
give 4 examples of monociotsd
Grasses, orchids, amaryllis, and irises
86
how many speceis are there of monocots
65 000
87
how many speceis are there of dicots
170 000
88
what are some examples of dicots
All deciduous trees and flowering bushes
89
what is another difference between dicots and monocots?
| roots
dicots: taproot usually present
monocots: fiberous root system
90
what is another difference between dicots and monocots?
| stem
mono: vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
di: vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring
91
What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis
water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen,
92
Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell?
choroplasts
93
fiberous vs tap root system comparison (2 points each) in clouding best soil conditions
```
taproot
- long cylinder shaped root aka primary root
- anchor plant in soil
- ex. carrots, turnip, dandylion
- grow longer and store food
- need rich soil deep down
fiberous
- fine roots that absorb moisture and nutrients from the soil
- prevent soil erosion
- ex. grass, green onions
- moist mineral rich soil
```
94
function of the xylem and structural differences and how do they relate
- Xylem is the specialised tissue of vascular plants that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stems and leaves, and provides mechanical support and storage.
- tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are shorter, and are connected together into long tubes that are called vessels.
95
function of the phloem and structural differences and how do they relate
- Phloem is the vascular tissue responsible for the transport of sugars from source tissues (ex. photosynthetic leaf cells) to sink tissues (ex. non-photosynthetic root cells or developing flowers)
- has sieve tubes the conducting elements, companion cells which are the life support, fibbers which provide structural support, and parenchyma which acts as packing martial
96
how does photosynthesis happen
Photosynthesis can happen in plants because they have chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the pigment that makes plants green. Chlorophyll captures the Sun's energy and uses it to make sugars out of carbon dioxide from the air and water. The sugars fuel a plant's roots, stems, and leaves so the plant can grow.
97
what is natural reproduction in plants
sexual reproduction in plants by pollen landing on the stigma and eventually fertilizing the ovule to form a seed.
98
what is seed germination
-When seeds are buried into the ground and the conditions are good, they will germinate. -During germination, a young plant emerges from the protective seed coat
99
what type of plants are reproduced through vegetative propagation
citris, potatoes, chrysanthemum
100
what are 2 advantages of vp
- fixed qualities of parent plant
| uniform root stalk for budding or graffting
101
what is the part where the leaf bud rises called and the part in between each of those leaf buds
nodes
| internodes
102
what is the bud on the end of the stem called
terminal bud
103
what are stolons
above ground stems
104
what are rhizomes
below the ground stems
105
what is an example of a rhizome
ginger
106
example of a stolon
pingao (grass)
107
how can plants be artificially propagated
by methods such as cutting, grafting, and layering (or marcotting)
108
what is cuttliungs
- take part of the plant can be cut of such as the leaves, root, or stem
- you can then put the cuttling into the right amount of soil and water and roots
will sprout
- these are clones of the parent plant
109
what is grafting
- when one plant is fused to another
- often done with trees and shurbs
- it can be done to improve the strength, make a hybrid or to repair the plant
- this creates things like the macintosh apple and trees with distinct sections of colors
110
what colours do chlorophyll absorb and reflect back
red and blue waves it absorbs and it reflects green
111
why is sunlight important to plant growth
Plants rely on sunlight for photosynthesis.
112
what else is a factor in the need for sunliht
- how exposed the plant is during each season
| - intensity of the light
113
why is water essential in plant growth
Water provides a source of hydrogen and oxygen molecules in photosynthesis.
114
what happens if there is too much or too little water
If there is not enough water, the plant will dry out. Too much water and the roots can be overwhelmed and drown
115
is each plant the same in water consumption
no
116
what does water carry
Water also carries dissolved nutrients that the plant needs for its normal function and structure. `
117
how many nutrients do plants need for healthy growth
17
118
what are the nutrients needed in large quanties called and give 3 examples
macronutrients. (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, and magnesium)
119
what are the nutrients needed in SMALL quanties called and give 3 examples
micronutrients (e.g. iron, chlorine, manganese, zinc, and others)
120
what else is important for plants
Plants also need coenzymes and cofactors to aid enzyme function in chemical reactions.
121
canm the plants take nitrogen from the air
no: nitorgen enters the soil through decaying matter and turns into nitrates which are vital to healthy groeth for the plant
122
what are phytohormones
eleased by the plant to regulate the growth of the plant
123
what are auxins
important in cell elongation, bud growth and fruit ripening
124
what are gibberellins
important in cell elongation in plant shoots and seed germination.
125
what are cytokininis
important in growth stimulation in mesophyll and in tissue cultures to make new plants.
126
what are ethylene
important in fruit ripening.
127
what are abscisic acids
it is an inhibitor that promotes closure of stomata and induces bud and seed dormancy to relieve water stress.
128
what is a tropism
A tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus.
129
the two tropismes that are the most popular are
phototropism (growth in response to light) and hydrotropism (growth in response to water)
130
what is leaf cutting and give 3 examples
entire leaves are removed and kept in moist sandy soil and will sprout
ex. echeveria, begonia rex, peperomia
131
what is root cutting and give 3 examples
cut part of the root replant in nutrient moist soil with an inch above the surface exposed to air
ex. breadfruit, jasmines, ixora
132
what is stem cutting and give 3 examples
remove flower buds, take from healthy plant, cut with sharp blade 4-6`` long, place in plastic moist bag in indirect sunlight
ex. dahila, mint, hibiscus
133
what is seed germination and give 3 examples
cover seed with soil, water begins the growing process initiating enzymes, shoots begin to pop from the surface
ex. beans and all plants
134
how are leaves specialized for photosynthesis
The leaf is specialized for photosynthesis because the millions of tiny chloroplasts are spread out along
135
what is succession
The ordered change of plants in an ecosystem is called succession.
136
what are the pros and cons of forest fires
lthough forest fires are devastating and may mean a loss of vegetation, wildlife, and property, they also result in ecosystem renewa
137
what kinda of soil emerges
The ash-rich soil is very fertile and within weeks new seeds take root.
138
what is primary succession
Primary succession occurs in areas where there is no soil. For example, primary succession occurs on barren rock where lichens first colonize the rock.
139
what is secondary succesion
Secondary succession is the gradual change seen in plant life where soil already has been established.
140
what is a pioneer organism
. Organisms that can survive extreme conditions and invade these abiotic habitats are called pioneer organisms
141
when does secondary succesion occur
after the foresr fire
142
what is the mature ecosystem called
climax community
143
how long does succession take
Succession occurs over a very long time period and organisms must compete to survive.
144
what is interspecfic competition
(competition between species
145
what is intraspecfic competition
competition within the same species
146
what are plants essential for in canadian industry's name 3
They are essential not only for food, but for the housing industry, textile industry, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, herbal remedies, livestock, biofuels, and research.
147
what two industrys are directly involved in the harvesting of plants
agriculture and forestry
148
name five ways plants are used
```
food
medicine
building matriels
flood and erosion control
recreation
```
149
what are Roots/stems/leaves
Roots/stems/leaves are also used to store nutrients as well.
150
how are leaves specialized
Leaves are specialized for photosynthesis not only by the large # of chloroplasts, but also by the great surface area exposed by leaves.
151
what raw materials are needed are needed by plants to grow
The raw materials of photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide, enter the cells of the leaf, and the products of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen, leave the leaf.
152
are plants important to Canada's socirty and culture
We rely on plants for ecotourism as well as recreational activities such climbing, hiking, camping, drugs, and alcohol. Plant products and by-products have become part of our lives everyday with little thought on how much we rely on them or their influence.
