Bio Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Process of respiratory system
A
When you inhale air enters through the nose or mouth pass the Naval cavity or oral cavity larynx trachea bronchi and into each lung where it enters the bronchioles and alveoli
2
Q
Where does gas exchange take place and what is the process (2)
A
- The air enters the bronchioles and goes down into thousands of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
- gas exchange is when oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood the tiny blood vessel that’s surround each alveolus are called capillaries
3
Q
What is circulatory system made up of (4)
A
Heart
veins
arteries
capillaries
4
Q
Three smaller systems of the circulatory system
A
Systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
cardiac circulation
5
Q
How many times does your heartbeat in the day
A
100,000
6
Q
What does the digestive system do
A
Digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces mechanically and turns them into nutrients that your body needs chemically
7
Q
Which organs are involved in mechanical digestion (2)
A
Stomach
teeth
8
Q
Which two organs are involved in chemical digestion
A
Small intestine
large intestine
9
Q
What structure is used to store food
A
Stomach
10
Q
The function of the coronary circulatory system is to
A
Move blood through the heart
11
Q
Gas exchange occurs here
A
Alveoli
12
Q
Label diagram of respiratory system
A
See paper
13
Q
What three-part is respiration divided into
A
Mechanical respiration/ventilation
diffusion
gas exchange
14
Q
What is mechanical restoration/ventilation (5)
A
- The act of breathing
- Lungs fill with air(inhalation) and then expel air (exhalation)
- inhalation rib cage is pulled up and out by intercostal muscles and diaphragm moves down
- creates more volume in chest cavity which creates vacuum seal and air rushes out of lungs
- exhalation rib cage moves down and diaphragm moves up causing positive pressure in lungs which forces air out
15
Q
What is a hiccup caused by
A
Diaphragm is irritated and air is trapped in the respiratory system
16
Q
What is diffusion and how does it work (3)
A
- Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- diffusion continues until molecules are randomly dispersed
- diffusion is important because it allows vital gases such as CO2 and oxygen to exchange in the alveoli
17
Q
How does gas exchange work
A
- Oxygen moves from an area of high concentration in the alveoli to an area of low concentration in the capillaries
- carbon dioxide moves from my area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the alveoli
18
Q
How many breaths does a person take a day on average
A
20,000
19
Q
What process is vital for you and your blood
A
That CO2 gets taken out and oxygen gets put into your blood
20
Q
Where does gas exchange occurs
A
Alveoli
21
Q
True or false contraction of the intercostal muscles causes the rib cage to expand
A
True
contraction of the intercostal muscles causes the rib cage o expand
22
Q
True or false net oxygen diffusion occurs from the capillaries into the alveoli
A
False
net carbon dioxide diffusion occurs from the capillaries into the alveoli net oxygen diffusion occurs from the alveoli into the capillaries
23
Q
What happens when your blood is spun in the centrifuge (4)
A
- It separates all the components
- the heavy parts like the right blood cells fall to the bottom
- less dense parts of the blood stay at the top
- top portion of it is called plasma it makes a 55% of the blood
24
Q
What is plasma (2)
What does it carry (7)
A
Straw yellow color
made up of 90% water
plasma carries, glucose, vitamins, minerals, blood, proteins, waste products, and dissolved gases such as carbon dioxins
25
What are red blood cells called
Erythrocytes
26
What are white blood cells called
Leukocyte a
27
What are blood platelets called
Thrombocytes
28
Explain red blood cells what they do and how they work (4)
Make up 40% of the blood volume
cells contain hemoglobin
carry oxygen from lungs to body tissue
carry carbon dioxide from body tissue back to lungs
29
Explain what white blood cells do and how they work (2)
| Name 5 types
Defend body
help protect body from infections
five types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
30
What are blood platelets how do they work and what do they do (3)
Small cell fragments
help blood clot gather up at bleeding site and clump together to help stop bleeding
chemical released at this time to aid in clotting
31
Explain hemoglobin (6)
- Protein found in the cell membrane of the red blood cell that carries oxygen
- each cell has millions of molecules of hemoglobin
- hemoglobin is structured around a subunit of hemoglobin protein which is called haem
- at each haems core is a iron atom
- Iron atom binds with oxygen in the lungs and moves oxygen through the body
- the link between oxygen and iron we is so weak that when another part of the body is low in oxygen it can detach and go there
32
Where is carbon dioxide carried
what happens when it's in contact with water
what is the chemical formula
Dissolved form in plasma
It forms carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H+
33
What do blood vessels do
| what kind of blood vessels are there (5) aacvv
Carrie blood around body
| arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
34
What do arteries do (3)
- Carry blood away from the heart
- as they get further way they divided become smaller
- usually carry oxygen rich blood to deliver to the tissues to use for cellular respiration
35
What do veins do (4)
- Carry blood to heart
- gather blood from tissues
- meet with other veins to become larger vessels
- usually carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be sent to pick up oxygen from Longs
36
Process of blood going through your system
Arteries arterials tissues venules veins
37
Explain what the heart does and how it works (8)
- Strongest muscle in body
- made of four chambers
- two atria receive blood
- two ventricles pump out blood
- blood enters on the right from the superior and inferior vena cava
- Leaves right side of heart through pulmonary artery to go to the lungs to pick up oxygen
- oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins
- the blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta to the rest of the body
38
Two differences between arteries and veins
Veins are close to surface of skin
veins have valves
Arteries are more muscular
blood is under pressure in the arteries
39
What chamber does the blood enter when it arrives at the heart
Right atrium
40
Which blood cells fight infection
Leukocytes
| White blood cells
41
Label heart
See paper
42
How does the heart beat sound
Lubb-dubb
43
Define diastole
Heart is relaxed
44
Define Systole
Contraction of the heart
45
How much pressure does the heart create
Squirt of 30 ft
46
What tool is used to measure the pressure applied against the walls of the arteries and how does it work
- Sphygmomanometer
- Measures pressure of heart when it's relaxed (diastole)
- Measures pressure of heart when it's contracting (systolic)
- Blood pressure is systolic pressure over diastolic pressure 120/80
- Pressure is always greatest near heart in aorta and lowest as blood returns to heart
47
How is the heart rate controlled (6)
- Heart is only muscle able to contract without brain influence -contraction is caused by a group of cells called the pacemaker cells -cells are located in the wall of the right atrium
- the pacemaker cells cause atria to contract
- brain can tell heart to beat faster or slower by sending signals to pacemaker cells
- brains instructions can be controlled by love, drugs, other stimuli
48
What does 120/80 mean
The reading means that the systolic pressure in your arteries when the heart contracts is 120 MM the second value means that the diastolic pressure in your arteries when the heart relaxes is 80 MM
49
Where does blood from the other part of your body enter the heart
Superior vena cava
50
The atrioventricular node does what
Starts the contraction of the ventricles
51
Define sinoatrial node
Found in right atrium wall of heart that acts like a pace maker producing a contractile signal at regular intervals
(SA)
52
Define atrioventricalur node
Conducts electrical impulses from atria to ventricles
| AV
53
Define atria
Plural for atrium
54
Red blood cells general info (4)
- Carry oxygen to cells
- have donut shape with concave center
- no nucleus which allows them to carry more hemoglobin
- Each Red blood cell carries millions of hemoglobin molecules that bind oxygen
55
White blood cells general info (3)
-Fight infection
two main types:
-granulocytes which can engulf microbes
-Agranulocytes which are modified in the lymph nodes
56
Platelets general info
- No nucleus
- fragments of larger cell
- blood clotting
57
In the correct order list the major structures that molecule of oxygen passes as it moves from the nose to the cells (18)
NNPLTBBACBPLLAAACC
```
Nose
nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
Blood
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricular
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Cells
```
58
How do the respiratory and circulatory system work together (4)
- Respiratory system all organs work together to bring oxygen to the blood to remove carbon dioxide from the blood through the process of inhalation exhalation
- in the circulatory system all organs were together to take oxygen from the lungs and delivered it to all the cells in the body
- Circulatory also brings nutrients to cells while removing waste and co2 to the lungs
- Systems meet up in alveoli where gas exchange occurs
59
What structures must food pass as it moves through the digestive tract (9) MTPESSLRA
```
Mouth
tongue
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
```
60
What are the major components of plasma and how does plasma help in the digestive system (4)
- Compose of mostly water
- carries dissolved carbon dioxide in the form of carbonic acid and converts it to bicarbonate
- carries blood proteins, waste products and anti-bodies from the cells -the digestive system chemically digest the food that you eat most of the nutrients are carried by plasma to other cells
61
Describe function of stomach
To break down or digest the food chemically and physically
62
What is the function of the gallbladder
To store bile until needed by the small intestine
63
What is the function of the large intestine (3)
To reabsorb water
to store waste
house bacteria that make vitamin K
64
What is Colons function
Absorption of water
65
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart
Right atrium
66
What are leukocytes responsible for
Killing in aiding bacteria
67
Average blood pressure
120/80
68
Where is trachea located
Top of trachea
69
Is hemoglobin dissolved into plasma
No
70
Is air taken into the lungs during expiration
No
71
Does the diaphragm contract when a person exhales
Yes
72
What is a stethoscope
Used to listen to heart sounds
73
What is a sphygmomanometer
Used to measure blood pressure
74
What for parts is digestion separated into
Ingestion
digestion
absorption
Egestion
75
Name three parts of indigestion
Tongue
Jaw
Esophagus
76
Explain ingestion and how it works (4)
- Bring food into the mouth chew it and form a bolus which is a ball of chewed food with saliva
- saliva lubricates food activates taste buds dissolve small food particles and starts digestion of carbohydrates
- once the bolus it enters the esophagus a small structure called the epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing so food doesn't get in trachea
- when food enters the esophagus it activates rhythmic contractions that push food through the digestive track these are called peristalsis
77
What is mechanical digestion
- Also known as physical digestion
- food is broken up into smaller particles
- much of this process occurs in the mouth
- food is crushed to smaller pieces
- the result is food particles having increased surface area so chemical digestion can take place
78
What is chemical digestion (2)
Chemicals released by your body help for the digest food
| acid and enzymes reduced large molecules too small molecules which can be absorbed by the body
79
What does the mouth do (2)
Breaks down food into smaller molecules
| Releases saliva which helps digest large starch molecules
80
What are the organs of the digestive system (3)
Mouth
stomach
small intestine
81
What does the stomach do (4)
- Stomach churns food
- Hydrochloric acid helps kill bacteria and digest food into smaller particles
- Proteins in stomach wall must be protect from self digestion so the mucous secreted from wall is replaced rapidly
- mix of food and acid (chyme) slowly goes into small intestine through pyloric sphincter which makes sure no food goes back up into the stomach
82
What does the small intestine do (5)
- pancreatic juice is released into small intestine
- pancreatic juice has bicarbonate in it which neutralizes the acid
- pancreatic juice also digests carbohydrates, protein, fats and Noelia acid
- bile is released to help make fats more soluble in water
- last step in jejunum where enzymes from wall are released which prepare chyme for absorption
83
What are the finger like projections in the small intestine called and what do they do (3)
- projections: villus
- covered in thousands of microvilli
- microvilli absorb and digest food
84
Explain the process of absorption (5)
- last part of digestion is ileum which absorbs nutrients and out them into the circulatory system
- in each villi is ducts and capillaries called lacteals
- capillaries remove nutrients amino acids and simple sugars
- by-products like fat move into lacteal ducts where they are then carried by lacteal glands to the liver
- what ever is not needed or waste is moved to large intestine
85
What is Egestion and what does the main organ do (4)
- Removing undigested waste from the body
- large intestine waste is moved into the colon where water is absorbed if not diaherra
- waste empties into rectum where is waits for bowel movement
- colon also houses E. coli which synthesis vitamins b and k which are absorbed by large intestine
86
How long does it take to digest a meal
6-8 hours
87
Name 5 nutrients we consume:
```
Proteins
fats
carbohydrates
vitamins
minerals
```
88
What are proteins (2)
- composed of amino acids
| - amino acids help make new proteins and can be used to mediate chemical reactions
89
What are carbohydrates (2)
- energy for cells
| - our body makes carbohydrates
90
What are fats (lipids)
| 5
- energy source important for neuro function
- insulate body
- protect organs
- absorb some vivat men's
- essential fatty acid cannot be made in your body glycerol and fatty acids can
91
What are vitamins (5)
- organic molecules made from carbon
- small quantiles required
- help with metabolism and chemical reactions
- not enough vitamins can lead to serious disease
- vitamin d deficiency can lead to rickets when your bones become soft
92
What do minerals do (4)
- help chemical reactions occur
- are in some structures of cells and organs
- iron mineral plays role in hemoglobin
- calcium mineral plays role in bone structure
93
What is metabolism (4)
- sum of chemical reactions
- basal metabolic rate (BMR) the least amount of energy you need to stay alive
- energy requirements depend on your BMR and actively levels
- if you eat more food then energy output you gain weight
94
Summarize respiratory system
It's mean function is to provide oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide
95
Summarize circulatory system
It's main function is to carry oxygen nutrients and other substances through the body
96
Summarize digestive system
It's main function is to break down food into small molecules so that the body can absorb them
97
What 2 medical discoveries are made by Canadian scientists in Canada
Insulin
| Electronic microscope
98
Which other scientist and Frederick Banting share his Noble prize for medicine with
Why did he win
John Macloed
| Insulin
99
Who is the only other scientists who has been awarded the Nobel prize in Medicine and for what
David H Hubble
| Mapping visual cortex of the brain
100
What is the function of the nose
Where air enters and exits the body
101
What is the function of the mouth
Secondary breathing part used when nasal cavity cannot be used
102
What is the function of the nasal cavity
Where air is filtered by little hairs called cillia
103
What is the function of the Larynx
Protects trachea and voice box
104
What is the function of the trachea
Also known as the wind pipe it make sure air goes into the bronchi while filtering the air
105
What is the function of the bronchi
Takes air from trachea into these air tubes that bring the air you breathe in, down to your lungs
106
What is the function of the bronchioles
The way in which air goes down in the air sacks or alveoli
107
What is the function of the alveoli
Hallow cavity that exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen
108
What is the function of the diaphragm
Causes lungs to inflate and deflate
109
What is the function of the pleura
Wet slippery membrane that cushions lungs
110
What is the function of the pharynx
Allows air to pass from mouth to lungs
111
What is the function of the heart
Size of two fists pumps blood through your body in veins and arteries
112
What is the function of the veins
They carry blood without oxygen back to the lungs were they can refill on oxygen
113
What is the function of the arteries
Arteries carry blood with oxygen away from the heart
114
What is the function of the capillaries
Very small veins that carry blood and oxygen to other tissues
115
What is the function of the systemic circulation and organs involved(3)
This is the part that takes oxygenated blood into the arteries to travel around the body
Aorta
Heart
Arteries
116
What is the function of the pulmonary circulation and organs involved(3)
Part of the process that takes blood without oxygen to the lungs and then back to the heart to get pumped out again
Lungs
Capillaries
Heart
117
What is the function of the coronary circulation(3)
Part of the process that gives heart blood with oxygen so that the system and heart can function properly
Heart
Vena Cava
Veins
118
What is the function of the mouth
It's where the mechanical breakdown of food occurs and makes it into small swallow able pieces
119
What is the function of the tounge
Helps you swallow and move food around the mouth to assist you in chewing
120
What is the function of the nasal caviety
Where air enters and exits the body
121
What is the function of the pharynx
Switch that allows food and sir to go to the right place
122
What is the function of the salivary glands
It makes saliva and starts the digestion of starch
123
What is the function of the esophagus
Muscular tube where food goes from mouth to stomach
124
What is the function of the stomach
Digestion of food and protein start
125
What is the function of the small intestine
It is where most nutrients are absorbed and where the most digestion occurs
126
What is the function of the large intestine
Absorbs water from waste
127
What is the function of the rectum
Where waste is stored
128
What is the function of the liver
Produces bile and nutrients from food
129
What is the function of the epiglottis
Located in the voice box allows food and air to pass into the right tubes
130
What is the function of the gall bladder
Stores bile
131
What is the function of the appendix
Theory is that it houses good bacteria
132
What is the function of the anus
Where waste comes out
133
What is diffusion (3)
- when particles move without energy from a area of high concentration to a low area of concentration
- ex. Too many particle in alveoli air space so will move to blood that circulates around lungs
- that's called concentration gradient
134
Process of ventalliation (3)
- external intercostal muscles raise ribs with forced quite inhalation also fill chest cavity
- internal intercostal muscles bring ribs down rid space in chest cavity
- diaphragm separates abdomen and chest cavity also inflates and deflates lungs while breathing
135
How does gas exchange take place? (3)
- takes place in alveoli
- oxygen along with carbon dioxide enters or blood
- through capillaries waste is removed
136
What happens when you have a heart attack (3)
- blood take oxygen to heart
- blockage and oxygenated blood can't get to the heart
- that part starts to die
137
Why should smoking be banned (3)
You can get addicted to it
If you have kids it greatly effects their health
It effects the environment by polluting the air, land, water
138
In what situations do blood pressure and pulse increase? (2)
Adrenaline (scared)
| Physical activity
139
What situations is your pulse normal or lowered? (3)
- under some depressants
- after drinking alcohol
- resting/sleeping
140
What is a stimulant and give an example:
| 4
- Get body high and aroused
- Cocaine: short intense high followed by bad crash
- effects: speed up pulse, emotional, muscle spasms
- long term effects: infertility and heart problems
141
What is a depressant and give an example (4)
- sedates your body
- diazepam: very popular since release used to treat anxiety, restless legs and alcohol withdrawal
- effects: coordination trouble, sleepiness
- long term effects: can be ver addictive causing metal health problems after use
142
Briefly explain weight loss surgery (5)
Most shrink the stomach to restrict food intake
Many different kinds
New technology had made them minimally invasive
At first they were very unsuccessful
Have grown one of the most popular surgeries today
143
Pneumonia: System, cause, 3 symptoms, treatment
System: Respiratory
Cause: bacteria or fungus in the lungs which cause inflammation
Symptoms: couch w/ blood, fever, chattering teeth
Treatment: Antibiotics chosen by doctor according to weight, size and age
144
Heart Attack: System, cause, 3 symptoms, treatment
System: Circulatory
Cause: one or more coronary arteries is blocked
Symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, sweating
Treatment: ASA tablet to prevent another blockage, de-clotting medicines
145
Name 3 main systems
Respiratory
Circulatory
Digestive
146
Colon Cancer: System, cause, 3 symptoms, treatment
System: Digestive
Cause: abnormal cells growing on wall of colon
Symptoms: weight loss, diahhera, blood in stool
Treatment: most commonly surgery can remove tutors and chemotherapy can kill the rest of the bad cells
147
List 3 types of heart disorders/diseases and briefly explain each
Angina: warning sign for your heart usually accompanied by chest pain
Coronary Artery disease: number one killer it's when you have to much plaque in your arteries
Enlarged Heart: doesn't properly pump blood and can come from high blood pressure
148
List 3 digestive disorders/disease
Gallstones: cholesterol build up creates solid materiel that can be very painful
Lactose intolerance: when your body can't properly process the main sugar in milk and various other diary products
Appendicitis: a long tube that no one is quite sure the use of that can get inflamed and eventually burst
149
How does an ultrasound work and what does it do? (6)
- Emits high frequency sounds wave into tissue
- produces moving 3D image
- emits no ionization radiation (baby safe)
- cheaper and more portable than CT Scan or MRI
- less detailed than MRI or CT scan
- monitor fetus, muscles, heart, abdominal organs
150
Who was Irene Uchida
Born in Vancouver on April 8, 1917
Down syndrome reasearcher
Found out that Down syndrome patients have a third 21 chromosome
She worked in zoology first and then started with children
Died in 2013
Paved the way for Down syndrome patients today
