Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 11 > Bio Unit 2 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA carry (3)

A

Hereditary info passed from one generation to the next
Directions for growth, repair and replacement of cells
Information about hair colour, eye colour and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is it found (2)

A

In all living organisms

Nucleus in every cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is DNA packed so tightly and what does this packed DNA form.

A

There are a lot of instructions so it needs to be packed small
Form of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If you stretched out your DNA what would it reach

A

Earth to moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes a nucleotide

A

A sugar(pentose) + a nitrogen base + phosphate = nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes a nucleoside

A

A sugar(pentose) + a nitrogen base = nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of a macromolecule and what is a macromolecule (3)

A

DNA
A large molecule that is a polymer
A polymer is a molecule made of many repeating units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What three chemicals is a nucleotide made of

A

A five carbon sugar
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What make up the middle of the ladder (4)

A

Guanine
Adenosine
Cytosine
Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes up the side of the ladder (2)

A

Sugar

Phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the nitrogen bases pairs with each other

A

A with T

G with C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who discovered the structure and what were they awarded in what year.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

Noble Peace Prize in 1962

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are genes? (2)

A
  • give instruction for spefic protein of characteristic

- genes are made from DNA coiled on top of its self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Super coiled DNA that carry 1000s of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are alleles

A

Slightly different forms of the same gene

Ex. Hair colour the alleles may be brown, black, or blonde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is replication

A

Creates two copies of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many chromosome does each cell contain

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do cells divide in mitosis (3)

A

Growth
Repair
Replace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define DNA

A

Found in the nucleus it carries all the important instructions that make up you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Gene (2)

A

Genes are made up of DNA and they hold all the herititary information to make molecules called protein.
Humans have 20,000-25,000 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define chromosomes (2)

A

At thread like structure found in the nucleus that is made up of proteins
They carry genetic info in the form of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the DNA important in the cell

A

DNA is the blueprint that your cells use to reproduce cells that your body needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who is another scientist who contributed to the DNA (3)

A

She founded the double helix structure of DNA
Found out DNA needs to be hydrated
She died at age 37 of ovarian cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name another scientist who contributed and how they did

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Genes are in fact on chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Review photos of mitosis and meiosis

A

See Internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the significance of meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis: without it you wouldn’t be able to replace worn or injured cells and would die
Meiosis: you wouldn’t die but you wouldn’t be able to have children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is crossing over and what’s it’s advantage (4)

A

When chromosomes exchange parts of genetic material
Takes place during meiosis
Creates genetic diversity
Guarantees your not alike any other human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define oogensis (2)

A

The production or development of an egg in the ovary

4 cells 1 turns into an egg and the rest are polar bodies and distigrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define Spermtogenesis

A

Four spermatids are made which will eventually become sperm cells and fertilize the eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does mitosis take place

A

All over the body where new cells are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Outcome of each process mitosis

of cells and chromosomes

A

Same amount of chromosomes as before
1 chromosome in each cell
After cytokinesis 2 cells remain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Final product mitosis

Size and genetic composition

A

2 smaller cells with the same DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Number of stages mitosis

A

6 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Similarities between mitosis and meiosis

A

End in cytokinesis
Parent cell is a diploid
Same phases inter phase prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase (meiosis it happens twice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define diploid

A

Same number of chromsomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reason for process mitosis

A

Growth and to replace worn out cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Reason for process meiosis

A

Sex cells: to create a egg or sperm to eventually create another human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Number of stages meiosis

A

11 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Final product meiosis

Genetic composition and size

A

4 tiny cells with different genetic info from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Outcome of meiosis (2)

of cells and chromosomes

A

Four cells are made

Each cell has a haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define haploid

A

Half a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does meiosis take place (2)

A

Male: testes
Female: ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Difference between the two process for meiosis (4)

A

Results in four daughter cells
Haploid cells result (half the original amount of chromosomes)
Daughter cells are genetically different
Crossing over occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Difference between the two process for mitosis (4)

A

Results in 2 daughter cells
Diploid cells result (same amount of chromosomes)
Daughter cells are genetically the same
No crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Stages of mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Stages of meiosis

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis 
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define interphase mitosis (2)

A

DNA is copied

Microtubles extend from centrosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Define prophase mitosis (4)

A

Chromosomes turn into X-shapes
Pair up with corespondent numbers
Nucleus membrane dissolves
Mitotic spindle fibres extends across cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Define metaphase mitosis (2)

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator/Center of cell

Mitotic spindle fibres attach to each chromatid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define anaphase mitosis

A

Chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle fibre to opposite sides of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define telophase mitosis (2)

A

Full sets of chromosomes gather at each end of the cell

New membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Define cytokinesis mitosis

A

Single cell pinches in middle and this creates two new cells with a full set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Define interphase meiosis (2)

A

DNA is copied

Microtubleous extend from centrosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Define prophase 1 meiosis (5)

A

Chromosomes turn into X-shapes
Pair up with corresponding numbers
Exchange bits of DNA in process called cross over
Nucleus membrane dissolves
Meiotic spindle fibres extend across cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Define metaphase 1 meiosis (2)

A

Chromosome pairs line up on equator

Meiotic spindle fibres attach to each pair of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Define anaphase 1 meiosis

A

Meiotic spindle fibres pull each chromosome to either end of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Define telophase1 meiosis (3)

A

Complete move to end of cell
At each end full set of chromosomes gather together
Membrane forms around each new nuclei

60
Q

Define cytokinesis 1 meiosis

A

Single cell pinches in the middle and creates 2 new cells with full sets of chromosomes in each

61
Q

Define prophase 2 meiosis (5)

A 
2 cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
Chromosome form X-shapes again
Membrane dissolves releasing chromatids 
Centrioles duplicate
Meiotic spindle fibres form again
62
Q

Define metaphase 2 meiosis (2)

A

Chromatids line up across the equator of the cell

Meiotic spindle fibres attach to the chromatids

63
Q

Define anaphase 2 meiosis (2)

A

Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by action of the spindle fibre
Separated chromatids are now individual chromosomes

64
Q

Define telophase 2 meiosis (3)

A

Chromosomes finish move to opposite side
Each set of chromosomes gather at either end
Membrane forms around around each new set

65
Q

Define chromatid

A

1 half of the X-shape chromosome

66
Q

Define cytokinesis 2 meiosis

A

Cells pinch in the middle to create 4 daughter cells

67
Q

When did the study of genetics begin

A

1822-1884

68
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel (3)

A

Monk
Conducted experiments on pea plants
Choose them because of there short growing time, ability to self-fertilize, and cross fertilize

69
Q

Define monohybrid cross

A

When only one trait is being considered in a cross of two organisms.

70
Q

What is a pure line organism

A

An organism that always breeds the same results with out any variance.

71
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic makeup represented by the combination of allele letters

72
Q

Define phenotype

A

Physical appearance of the organism resulting from the genotype

73
Q

Define homozygous

A

When an organism carries to identical copies of the same allele

74
Q

Define heterozygous

A

When an organism carries two different copies of an allele

75
Q

What is the law of segregation

A

During the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary sere gate of that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

76
Q

What is the law of independent assortment

A

Individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together

77
Q

True or false DNA is made of a 5c sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

A

True

78
Q

T or F chromosomes are visible throughout the cell cycle

A

F

79
Q

Synopsis occurs during prophase 2

A

F

80
Q

T or F upon the completion of oogensis, 4 haploid cells are made

A

F

81
Q

T or F the sole purpose of mitosis is growth

A

F

82
Q

T or F GG is an example of homozygous recessive

A

F

83
Q

Albinism is caused by a recessive allele in humans. If normal parents have an albino child what is the probability that their next child will be normal for pigment? (3)

A

The birth of every child is a separate event
Each time a child is born there is a 1 in 4 chance of that child being albino
The prohibits of the next child will be 1/4

84
Q

Assume brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed women. Explain how the genotype of the man can be determined.

A

Look at the offspring
If they have enough children and if any of the children have blue eyes, then he is heterozygous for brown eyes
It is not ethical to perform a cross between two individuals to determine the alleles they are carrying

85
Q

What is a non-disjunction error

A

When the meiotic process is completed abnormally

86
Q

What is a mutation

A

An error in the DNA itself

87
Q

What is a single polypeptide

Who discovered them

A

A chain of amino acids

George Beatle, Edward Tatum

88
Q

What is a point mutation

What three things can cause this

A

An error at a single point in the DNA

  • deletion of base pair
  • shifting of base pair
  • substitution of a base pair
89
Q

Explain what happens with amino acids and polypeptides (3)

A

Amino acids are linked in specific sequence to form a polypeptides
Polypeptides join with other polypeptides to make proteins
An error in the codon may result in a mix up in the sequence of amino acids

90
Q

What is sickle cell anemia

A

Point mutation
All red blood cells take on irregular curved sickle shape
This makes them fragile and easily broken
This affects millions around the world
1 and 10 carry the disease in Africa

91
Q

Define deletion

A

A part of the chromosome is missing

92
Q

Define duplication

A

A part of the chromosome is duplicated more than one time

93
Q

Define inversion

A

A part of the chromosome is inverted on the same chromosome so the genes on that segment are in a different location

94
Q

Define insertion

A

A part of chromosome is inserted into another chromosome

95
Q

Define translocation

A

A part of the chromosome is translocation to the other end of another chromosome

96
Q

Explain nondisjunction (3)

A

Error that occurs in meiosis
Chromosomes can move to the wrong daughter cells
The result is a sperm or egg with an extra or missing chromosomes

97
Q

What is karyotyping (3)

A

Way nondisjunction disorders are identified
Take picture of chromosomes in prophase of mitosis and match them up with homologous chromosomes
This shows missing or extra chromosomes

98
Q

Practise genetic questions

A

See answers

99
Q

Practise karyotyping

A

See answers

100
Q

What is turned syndrome

A

When a female is missing an X chromosome which can cause neck webbing

101
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome (4)

A

Three number twenty-one chromosomes
flattened facial features
Poor muscle tone
Short neck”

102
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of Huntington’s disease (4)

A

Abnormal HD gene passed from parents to children @ 50% rate
ES: slowing or stiffness
MS: drop things or fall
LS: changes in speech

103
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of Down syndrome (4)

A

no cure
Team of people to help care for child and special educators to help with learning disabilities
live to 50 or beyond in most cases
Can marry and with help of team of specialists can live rich full lives”

104
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of Huntington’s disease (5)

A

medications to help with the fidgeting
Physiotherapist to helps with stiffness and ease movements
Exercise helps with the disease
runs its course in 10-30 years
Patient usually dies of a complication like heart failure

105
Q

What is reproductive technology

A

The use of technology to assist or enhance reproduction in humans or other organisms

106
Q

Define cloning

A

The creation of a organism that is a genetic copy of another

107
Q

Where did the first clone take place and what was it of

A

Edinburgh, Scotland

Dolly the sheep

108
Q

How was dolly created (7)

A

Somatic cell transfer
Nucleus of cell from female sheep was extracted
It was then transferred onto an oocyte (egg) and that nucleus had been removed
The cell was treated with hormones and electric shock to behave like a zygote
The cell was planted in the surrogate sheep to be carried to term
The sheep was an exact genetic replicate of the sheep the nucleus was taken from
Dolly died after 6 1/2 her expected lifespan

109
Q

Name another process used in cloning

A

Artificial embryo twining

110
Q

Define Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

A

Artificial DNA from combining the DNA of two different species

111
Q

What are plasmids

A

Segments of circular DNA found in bacteria that naturally occur

112
Q

What did scientists discover while studying bacteria

A

Plasmids are transferred from one bacteria to another

When the bacteria transfer a plasmid the genes are incorporated into the DNA of the recipient background

113
Q

What are restriction endoncleases

A

A class of enzyme that a cut through double stranded DNA

114
Q

What do restriction endoncleases do

A

They cut the DNA in a specific spot to create a sticky end so that the gene from a different species can be inserted

115
Q

What are 3 methods for coup,Es to help with infertility

A

Sperm extraction
Hormone treatment
Vitro fertilization

116
Q

What is vitro fertilization (6)

A

When you have low sperm count or another problem and you can’t get pregnant
This procedure helps you get pregnant with a 40% success rate
They first inject you with hormones so you have more eggs
They they put you to sleep and using a hallow needle remove the eggs
They then pair then with the sperm and watch them grow for 1-6 days
Then they put the embryos back in the uterus where they can grow and develop

117
Q

What is embryo transfer

A

Last step in vitro fertilization
Take embryo and transfers it through a thin catheter into the uterus through the vagina
Usually put 4 embryos in to increase the chance of pregnancy
Painless procedure

118
Q

What is biotechnology

A

Taking advantage of biological processes for industry use

EX. Manipulation of microorganism stop make antibiotics

119
Q

Name three disciplines that use biotechnology

A

Cell biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

120
Q

Name three enterprises that use biotechnology

A

Increasing crop yields
Enhancing food
Genetic testing

121
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells they are cells have not yet been specialized they can turn into any cell such as a brain or liver cell

122
Q

Where do stem cells come from (2)

A

Come from embroyos in the blastocyst stage

Although found in human adults they are hard to obtain

123
Q

What are GMO’s (6)

A

Genetically modified organisms
They are made with DNA splicing techniques
Upside we get more product
Downside bad effects on environment, lots of chemicals used for upkeep
Foods in Canada are not labeled as GMO,s
Many products in Canada have GMO ingredients in them

124
Q

What are embroyotic stem cells (4)

A

Unspecialized cells
Taken from embryo and then embryo is destroyed
Used for cell therapy and research into embryo growth
When transferred to patient if they are not on drugs to suppress the immune system the procedure will fail.

125
Q

What are somatic stem cells (5)

A

Cell found in adults that are used to heal and grow your body
Because they are adult cells they can only be used to become related cells
Like embryonic patient needs drug to suppress immune system
They are hard to find and culture without causing damage to vital organs and tissue
Used for none marrow transplant

126
Q

Define autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

127
Q

Define chromsome

A

threadlike structure of nucleic acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes

128
Q

Define allele

A

One or two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

129
Q

Define test cross

A

A cross between an individual exhibiting the dominant phenotype of a trait and an individual that is homozygous recessive for the trait in order to determine the genotype of the dominant individual

130
Q

Define monohybrid cross

A

A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment between a parental generation organism that differs in one trait

131
Q

Define Punnett square

A

Used to predict the probability of offspring have a specific genotype devolved by Reginald C. Punnett

132
Q

Define dihybrid cross

A

Cross between two pure line that differ in two observed traits

133
Q

Define recessive

A

A gene that gets trumped by a dominant gene

134
Q

Define dominant

A

A gene that trumps a recessive gene

135
Q

Define co-dominance

A

When neither allele is dominant or recessive and both are shown

136
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

When one allele does not completely dominate another allele

137
Q

If you have genes AA what is your blood type

A

A

138
Q

If you have genes AO what is your blood type

A

A

139
Q

If you have genes AB what is your blood type

A

AB

140
Q

If you have genes BO what is your blood type

A

B

141
Q

If you have genes BB what is your blood type

A

B

142
Q

If you have genes OO what is your blood type

A

O

143
Q

Name one degree Judith Hall has

A

MD U of Washington

144
Q

Name 3 things JH studied

A

Genetics of short stature
Dwarfism
Identical twins

145
Q

Name 2 ways in which JH contributed to genetics

A

Helped discover how folic acid reduces birth defects

Identified new cause of dwarfism

146
Q

How did JH Impact society name 2

A

Lead path to learning more about genetic birth defects

Head of paediatrics at BC children’s hospital

147
Q

What current studies is JH involved with

A

Nothing new

Using her research to help children at BC children’s hospital

Bio 11 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions