Exam 4 Written Flashcards
Two divisions of oral cavity
oral cavity proper
vestibule
4 structures within oral cavity proper
dental arcades
hard palate
soft palate
tongue
What is the term for cavity between teeth & gingiva (inside of cheeks/lips)
vestibule
Boundary between oral cavity & oropharynx
palatoglossal arch
Orifice between oral cavity and oropharynx
isthmus faucium
Each side of caudal border of soft palate continues as ______.
palatopharyngeal arch
What is the opening of nasopharynx over caudal free border of soft palate?
intrapharyngeal ostium
What is the boundary between esophagus & pharynx (constriction of cricoid cartilage)?
pharyngoesophageal limen
What is the ventral fold of mucosa that attaches the tongue to the oral cavity proper?
lingual frenulum
What structure extends caudally from caruncle and contains mandibular + major sublingual ducts?
sublingual fold
What structure is where mandibular & sublingual salivary ducts open and protrudes from floor of oral cavity?
sublingual caruncle
What is the blood supply to the hard palate?
major palatine A
What is the blood supply to the soft palate?
minor palatine A
What 3 muscles are responsible for deglutition?
levator veli palatini M
tensor veli palatini M
palatinus M
Function of levator veli palatini M
raises soft palate
Function of tensor veli palatini M
tenses soft palate
Function of palatinus M
shortens soft palate
Which 2 papillae are mechanical?
filiform
conical
Which 3 papillae are gustatory?
fungiform
vallate
foliate
Which papillae are keratinized in cats?
filiform
Which papillae are prominent/larger and near root of tongue?
conical
Which papillae have a smooth, rounded surface and mushroom shaped?
fungiform
Which papillae are arranged in a V-shape and at junction of root & body?
vallate
How many vallate papillae does dog have?
4-6
What papillae is at the lateral part of the tongue root?
foliate
Which cranial nerve innervates tongue? (motor to all tongue muscles)
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
What are the bones that form the hyoid apparatus?
stylohyoid (paired)
epihyoid (paired)
ceratohyoid (paired)
thyrohyoid (paired)
basihyoid (unpaired)
What kind of teeth stop growing when erupt from gingiva? (aka “short tooth”)
Brachydont
What species have brachydont teeth?
domestic carnivores
Dense, outer exposed layer of tooth
enamel
Calcified, collagen-rich bulk of tooth (lines pulp cavity)
dentin
Delicate connective tissue/nerves/vessels of tooth =
pulp/dental cavity
What kind of teeth are constantly growing?
hypsodont
What species have hypsodont teeth?
horses
ruminants
How many teeth do juvenile dogs have?
28
How many teeth do juvenile cats have?
26
How many teeth do adult dogs have?
42
How many teeth do adult cats have?
30
Juvenile dog dental formula
I: 3/3
C: 1/1
PM: 3/3
x2
Adult dog dental formula
I: 3/3
C: 1/1
PM: 4/4
M: 2/3
x2
Juvenile cat dental formula
I: 3/3
C: 1/1
PM: 3/2
x2
Adult cat dental formula
I: 3/3
C: 1/1
PM: 3/2
M: 1/1
x2
Which teeth are missing in dogs?
upper M3
Which teeth are missing in cats?
upper + lower M2 & M3
Which teeth in dogs have a single root?
all incisors
all canines
PM1 has 1or 2
Which teeth in dogs have double roots?
all PM except 4th upper PM
all lower molars
Which teeth in dogs have triple roots?
upper 4th PMs
all upper molars
Triadian numbering system for permanent dentition
100-400
Triadian numbering system for juvenile dentition
500-800
What triadian numbers are skipped in the upper arcades of the cat?
105/205
What triadian numbers are skipped in the lower arcades of the cat?
305/306
405/406
What are the first (2) muscles that constrict pharynx?
pterygopharyngeus M
palatopharyngeus M
What is the second muscle that constricts the pharynx?
hyopharyngeus M
What are the third (2) muscles that constrict pharynx?
thyropharyngeus M + cricopharyngeus M
What is the one muscle that dilates the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus M
What muscle is superficial mimetic?
platysma
What 6 Mm are deep mimetic?
orbicularis oris
zygomaticus
levator labii superioris
caninus
buccinator
levator nasolabialis
What innervates the mimetic Mm?
Facial N
What masticatory Mm close the mouth (4)?
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
What muscle opens the mouth?
digastricus
What innervates all masticatory Mm except caudal belly of Digastricus?
Mandibular N
What innervates the caudal belly of the Digastricus M?
Facial N
Location of Parotid Gland
ventral to auricular cartilage
Where does parotid gland empty?
parotid duct opens within oral vestibule
Mandibular Salivary Gland location
lateral aspect of head, caudal to mandible angle
Where does Mandibular Salivary Gland empty?
mandibular duct opens on sublingual caruncle
Location of Monostomatic Sublingual Salivary Gland
rostral aspect of mandibular salivary gland
Where does monostomatic sublingual salivary gland empty?
via major sublingual duct at sublingual caruncle
Location of zygomatic salivary gland
ventromedial to zygomatic arch
Where does zygomatic salivary gland empty?
ducts open within oral vestible
What lymph node is largest ln of the head?
medial retropharyngeal Ln
Where does the tracheal trunk originate?
medial retropharyngeal ln
Term for closed sac of parietal + visceral pleura?
pleural sac
Space between pleura with small amount of fluid to create negative pressure (inflate/deflate lungs)
pleural cavity
Term for “dome” of pleura that projects cranially through thoracic inlet
pleural cupula
Term for “clefts” between reflected layers of parietal pleura, allows for lung expansion
pleural recess
Term for separation into bronchi
carina
What are the lobes of the right lung in carnivores?
cranial
middle
caudal
accessory
What are the lobes of the left lung in carnivores?
cranial (cranial + caudal parts)
caudal lobe
3 hiatuses of diaphragm
aortic hiatus
esophageal hiatus
caval foramen
What nerve innervates diaphragm?
phrenic N
What is the connective tissue that attaches to peritoneum?
endo-abdominal fascia
Strip of collagenous tissue along midline where aponeuroses of oblique + transversus abdominus Mm meet
Linea alba
Important of linea alba
incision to spare muscle/nerves/vessels
Important of Linea Alba
incision to spare muscle/nerves/vessels
NO retraction
What lines abdominal cavity + 2 parts
peritoneum
visceral + parietal peritoneum
PSNS innervation of thorax
vagus / phrenic?
SNS innervation of thorax
sympathetic NN (sympathetic trunk + ganglion)
SNS innervation to abdomen
splanchnic Nn –> celiacomesenteric ganglion | caudal mesenteric ganglion
PSNS innervation to abdomen
Vagus N (all before transverse colon)
Pelvin Nn (descending colon)
Where is the inlet for ingesta?
cardia
Where is the outlet for ingesta?
pylorus
3 major parts of stomach in order
cardia
fundus
pylorus
Where does greater omentum attach?
greater curvature of stomach
Where does lesser omentum attach?
lesser curvature of stomach + some duodenum/liver
List 6 lobes of the liver
left lateral lobe
left medial lobe
right lateral lobe
right medial lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
Location of gallbladder
between right medial & quadrate lobes of liver
Which organs does venous blood drain into portal vein?
all abdominal organs other than kidneys
What part of the internal ovary structure has follicles w/ oocytes + tunica albuginea?
outer cortex
What part of internal ovary made of loose connective tissue containing structures?
inner medulla
Part of internal structure of ovary that maintains pregnancy by producing progesterone?
corpus luteum
Sac that covers ovary
ovarian bursa
Site of fertilization
ampulla within uterine tube
3 mesentery attachments
mesometrium
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
Which mesenteric attachment connects to uterine horn, uterine body, cervix, cranial vagina?
mesometrium
Which mesenteric attachment connects to dorsal + ventrolateral border of uterine tube?
mesosalpinx
Which mesenteric attachment connects ovary to dorsolateral region of abdominal wall (suspends ovary)?
mesovarium
3 segments of uterine tube
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
Which segment of uterine tube is most proximal with finger-like projections that wrap around ovary?
infundibulum
Which segment of ovary is site of fertilization?
ampulla
Which segment of ovary is terminal section and closure to uterus?
isthmus
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
Which layer of uterine wall is covered by serosa?
perimetrium
Which layer of uterine wall has 2 smooth muscle layers for contractions/bringing sperm in/out?
myometrium
Which layer of uterine wall is thick layer of mucosa + submucosa with glands that produce prostaglandins?
endometrium
Orientation for speculum into vagina
craniodorsal
4 CNs with PSNS
oculomotor (III)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
What innervates the cricothyroid M + laryngeal mucosa?
cranial laryngeal N
What innervates all laryngeal Mm other than cricothyroid?
caudal laryngeal N (branch of recurrent laryngeal)
4 components of larnygeal cartilage
epiglottis
arytenoid
thyroid
cricoid
4 processes of arytenoid cartilage
corniculate
cuneiform
vocal
muscular
Clinical sign of tracheal collapse
non-productive cough, worse with excitement/exercise
Term for nasal plate (between nares)
planum nasale
Term for space inside nose
nasal cavity
Term for 4 primary passages within nasal cavity
meatuses
Turbinate / “scroll” bones
conchae
Term for caudal opening of each nasal cavity into common nasopharynx
choanae
3 head shapes
brachycephalic
mesaticephalic
dolichocephalic
2 brachycephalic breeds
boston terrier
persian cat
3 mesaticocephalic breeds
beagle
lab
tabby cat
2 dolichocephalic breeds
greyhound
abyssinian cat
Tubular cartilaginous part forms of external acoustic meatus forms a _____ angle.
right
What is between the auricular cartilage & osseus part of external acoustic meatus?
annular cartilage
What is embedded in rostral auricular muscles?
scutiform cartilage
Function of scutiform cartilage
fulcrum for attached ear muscles
2 problems of external ear
aural hematoma
otitis externa
Aural hematoma is due to _____ A within fractured cartilage = pooling of blood.
great auricular A
Otoplasty
ear cropping
Term for ventrally expanded cavity in temporal bone
tympanic bulla
Term for what is between ear canal + middle ear
tympanic membrane
Dorsal opening between middle/internal ear
Oval/vestibular window
Ventral opening between middle/internal ear
round/cochlear window
Auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Branch of facial nerve passes through tympanic cavity
chorda tympani
muscle that stiffens malleus
tensor tympani M
muscle that stiffens stapes
stapedius M
Auditory tube connects _____ to _____ to equilibrate pressure.
middle ear –> nasopharynx
Middle ear problem
otitis media
2 treatments for otitis media
myringotomy (tubes in ear)
bulla osteotomy (ventral/lateral approach)
In inner ear, ____ moves to stimulate _____.
endolymph
sensory cells
Contains 3 semicircular canals
utriculus
Utriculus function
vestibular/balance
Contains spiral cochlear duct
saccule
Saccule function
hearing
Sensory spot to monitor head position
macula
Osseus labyrinth is filled with _____.
perilymph
What 2 nerves innervate inner ear?
facial N
vestibulocochlear N
3 possible causes of facial paralysis
otitis media/interna
chorda tympani inflammation
Horner’s syndrome
4 symptoms of Horner’s syndrome
miosis
protruding 3rd eyelid
ptosis
muscle sagging
Cause of vestibular disease
otitis interna
4 symptoms of vestibular disease
head tilt
staggering/ataxia
circling
nystagmus
Term for narrowed nostrils in brachycephalic breeds
stenotic nares
Term for genetic disease in brachycephalic that leads to narrowed airway due to malformation of cartilaginous rings
hypoplastic trachea
4 symptoms of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS)
- stenotic nares
- elongated soft palate
- hypoplastic trachea
- everted laryngeal ventricles
Term for cavity within bone
sinus
Term for diverticulum in bone bounded by more than one bone
maxillary recess
2 sinus types in dogs
frontal sinus (3 divisions)
maxillary recess
3 divisions of dog frontal sinus
lateral (largest)
medial
rostral
3 sinuses in cats
frontal sinus (undivided)
sphenoidal sinus
maxillary recess
Term for lining inside of palpebrae + surface of eye (except cornea)
conjunctiva
Term for posterior 3/4 of external fibrous coat of eye
sclera
Term for corneoscleral junction (between cornea & sclera)
limbus
Term for gelatinous-filled chamber that holds retina against choroid
vitreous
Part of choroid where light is reflected back onto retina
tapetum lucidium
Term for posterior aspect where sclera is penetrated by blood vessels + optic nerve
optic disk
Term for multilayered innermost tunic eye (w/ rods/cones)
retina
Term for pigmented, posterio rpart of vascular coat
choroid
Corneal Ulcer is damage to _____.
corneal epithelium
(T/F) Descemetocele stains green using fluorescein.
FALSE! no stain
Term for cilia/eyelashes inverted onto cornea
entropion
Term for prolapse of third eyelid gland
cherry eye
Term for lens out of position
lens luxation
Term for proptosed eye (out of orbit from injury)
exopthalmos
Term for blockage of iridocorneal junction
glaucoma
Glaucoma onset is (fast/slow) in animals compared to humans.
rapid
Lacrimal gland is located in the ______ portion of the orbit
dorsolateral
Tears drain through two (1/2) lacrimal openings in ______ to _____.
2
medial canthus
superior + inferior canaliculi
Term for enlargement at junction of canaliculi & nasolacrimal duct in fossa for lacrimal sac.
Lacrima sac
What structure is after the lacrimal sac and leads to the nose?
nasolacrimal duct
Which muscles does the Trochlear N innervate?
dorsal oblique M
Which muscles does the Oculomotor N innervate?
ventral oblique M
dorsal rectus M
ventral rectus M
medial rectus M
Which muscles does the Abducens N innervate?
lateral rectus M
retractor bulbi M
