Exam 3 Written (Cross) Flashcards
1
Q
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Mm
A
extrinsic: attach forelimb to trunk
intrinsic: attach only within limb
2
Q
What is Brachial Plexus Avulsion
A
excessive pulling on thoracic limb
disrupts nerves originating from plexus
3
Q
How does brachial plexus avulsion present?
A
cannot extend muscle
“dangling” limb
4
Q
Elbow Dysplasia
A
instability or detachment of anconeal process –> inflammation / OA
5
Q
What patients have elbow dysplasia most commonly?
A
large breed dogs
6
Q
Two Types of Angular Limb Deformities
A
Carpal valgus
Carpal varus
7
Q
Carpal valgus
A
angulation away from midline
8
Q
Carpal varus
A
angulation toward midline
9
Q
Orthogonal Views
A
see 3D structure in 2D, need several views for full pic
10
Q
Radiopacities (in order)
A
Air
Fat
Water/soft tissue
Bone
Metal
11
Q
Is metal radiolucent or radiopaque?
And is it black or white?
A
radiopaque
white
12
Q
Summation
A
bone over bone = more radiopaque
13
Q
Conus Arteriosus
A
cone-shaped part of right ventricle that leads to pulmonary trunk
14
Q
Foramen Ovale
A
opening in fetal heart between atria | bypasses lungs
15
Q
What occurs if foramen ovale doesn’t close after birth?
A
less oxygenated blood to aorta = growth/exercise problems
16
Q
Ligamentum Arteriosum
A
CT remnant of ductus arteriosus in adult
17
Q
Which valve = tricuspid? Which is bicuspid?
A
tricuspid = right AV
bicuspid = left AV
18
Q
What are the 3 cusps of right AV valve?
A
parietal
septal
angular
19
Q
What are the 2 cusps of the left AV valve?
A
parietal + septal
20
Q
How many valvules are in the pulmonary & aortic valves?
A
3 semilunar valvules
21
Q
Define non-congruent joint
A
two opposing joints not contouring each other
22
Q
What is an example of a non-congruent joint in pelvic limb?
A
stifle (femoral condyles articulate with tibial condyles)
23
Q
What is present to compensate for the non-congruent joint of the stifle?
A
menisci
24
Q
Triceps Surae
A
soleus M + gastrocnemius M in cat
25
Coxofemoral Luxation
dislocated hip joint
cause: hit by car, person, horse
26
What directional location is a coxofemoral luxation displaced?
craniodorsal displacement
27
How does coxofemoral luxation present?
unilateral NWB lameness
limb toward median (carried adducted)
28
What are consequences of not treating coxofemoral luxation?
lose joint capsule
lose ligament of femoral head
lose transverse acetabular ligament
29
What occurs if coxofemoral luxation is not treated immediately?
continued soft tissue damage
degeneration of cartilage
30
Patellar Luxation
displacement of patella from trochlear sulcus
31
In what animals is medial patellar luxation most common?
small breed dogs
32
In what animals is lateral patellar luxation most common?
large breed dogs
33
Two Treatment Options for Patellar Luxation
Trochlear Wedge Resection Sx
Build up Quadriceps M
34
Hip Dysplasia
malformed hip joint
osteofites cause extra bone growth --> advanced arthritis
large breed common
35
Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)
loss of blood supply to joint --> cell death
36
What type of animals does OCD affect?
young, fast-growing animals
37
Perineum
part of body wall that covers pelvic outlet
38
Perineal region
visible external part of perineum
39
Perineal Body (Male)
area between anal canal + bulb of penis
40
Perineal Body (Female)
area between anus + vulva
41
What occurs if there is a loss of neural function to the muscles?
muscle atrophy
leg/joint collapse
42
What is the patella known for?
largest sesamoid bone in body
43
What type of joint is the stifle?
Non-congruent joint
44
Fabellae
small sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius M
45
Name two ligaments of the stifle prone to rupture
Cranial & caudal cruciate ligament
46
What is the "drawer sign"? And what is it accompanied by?
= CCL tear
accompanied by meniscus tear
47
What kind of joint is the Coxofemoral Joint?
ball & socket
48
Laborum
rim of fibrocartilage in acetabulum to deepen socket
49
Sacrotuberous Ligament
stiff structure (NOT present in cat)
part of coxofemoral joint
50
Function of Transverse Acetabular Ligament
keep head of femur from popping out
51
Name the 4 tarsus joints
Tarsocrural joint
Proximal intertarsal joint
Distal intertarsal joint
Tarsometatarsal joint
52
Which tarsal joint had the most mobility?
Tarsocrural joint
53
Innervated by Obturator N
Adductor M
Gracilis M
Pectineus M
External Obturator M
54
Innervated by Femoral N
Quadriceps femoris M
Sartorius M
Iliopsoas M
55
Innervated by Caudal Rectal N
external anal sphincter
55
Innervated by Perineal Nn
Mm of penis OR vestible/vulva
56
Which nerve is sensory to penis/clitoris?
Dorsal N of penis
Dorsal N of clitoris
57
Innervated by Caudal Gluteal N
superficial gluteal M
58
Innervated by Cranial Gluteal N
middle gluteal
deep gluteal
piriformis
tensor fasciae latae
59
Innervated by Sciatic N
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
60
Innervated by Tibial N
Gastrocnemius
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor
61
Innervated by Common Fibular N
Cranial tibial N
Long digital extensor N
Fibularis longus
62
List Mm that Extend Hip
Adductor
Gracilis
Piriformis
Gluteal Mm
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Quadratus femoris
63
Mm that Flex Hip
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
64
Mm that Extend Stifle
Quadriceps femoris
Tensor fasciae latae
Biceps femoris
65
Mm that Flex Stifle
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
66
Mm that Adduct Limb
Adductor
Gracilis
Pectineus
67
Muscle that Abducts hip
All gluteal Mm
68
Mm that Extend Hock
Gracilis
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
69
Mm that rotate limb medially
popliteus
middle gluteal
deep gluteal
piriformis
70
Mm that rotate limb laterally
obturators
gemelli
quadratus femoris
71
Muscle that rotates paw lateral
cranial tibial
72
Muscle that rotates paw medial
fibularis longus
73
Muscle that flexes digits
deep digital flexor
74
Muscle that extends digits
long digital extensor
75
What is the tarsus composed of?
soft tissue between leg and metatarsals
76
Rows of tarsal bones
Proximal Row (central tarsal bone)
Distal row (tarsal bone 1,2,3)
Large 4th tarsal bone
77
Collateral Ligaments
ligament that provides medial + lateral stability of joints
on either side of hinge joint
78
Congenital urinary incontinence
involuntary uriantion from birth
79
Trigone
where urethral orifices open
(male- orifices of ductus deferens)
80
Renal Lobe
renal pyramid + renal cortex above it
81
Renal Pelvis
expanded mucosa of ureter in kidney (beginning of ureter)
82
Renal Sinus
fat-filled cavity around renal pelvis
83
Pelvis recess
diverticula extending into renal parenchyma
84
Hilus
where arteries/nerves of kidney leave
85
Nephron
functional unit of kidney
86
What are the two capsules of the kidney?
fibrous capsule + adipose capsule
87
What kind of muscle is in the ureter?
smooth muscle
88
What process allows urine movement?
peristalsis
89
Which muscle contracts/empties bladder?
Detrusor M
90
Do SNS/PSNS inhibit/allow bladder contraction?
SNS: inhibit contraction
PSNS: allow contraction
91
What nerve controls physiological sphincter at the neck of the urinary bladder?
Hypogastric N
92
What nerve is PSNS innervation of the urinary system?
Pelvic Nn
93
What nerve is somatic of the bladder?
Pudendal N
94
What muscle is used for voluntary control of the bladder and surrounds urethra?
Urethralis M
95
Where does the urethral tubercle open on floor of vestibule (female)?
Vestibulovaginal junction
96
Root of penis
two crura + bulb of penis
97
Bulb of penis
caudal expansion of corpus spongiosum penis
98
What muscle covers the bulb of the penis
Bulbospongiosus M
99
What are the crura of the penis?
proximal end of each corpus cavernosum attached to the ischiatic arch
100
What muscle covers the crura of the penis?
Ischiocavernosus M
101
What is the core of the crura made of?
Corpus Cavernosum Penis
102
What covers the testicles before descending?
Visceral Peritoneum by the kidneys
103
Gubernaculum testis
mesenchymal tissue from testis through inguinal canal that attach to testicles
shrinks/pulls testis during development
104
What structure do the testicles pass through?
deep inguinal ring
105
What tissue starts after the testicles descend through the deep inguinal ring?
parietal peritoneum
106
What do the parietal & visceral peritoneum turn into after passing through the deep inguinal ring?
parietal + vaginal tunics
107
Vagina Cavity
space between parietal + vaginal tunic
108
Function of Semiferous tubules
where sperm production occurs
109
Tunica albuginea
thick capsule around testes
110
Testicular bursa
space between epididymis & testes
111
Prostate gland
R & L lobes with a dense capsule
bulk around urethra
112
Superficial inguinal ring
slit in aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique M
113
What are the components of the superficial inguinal ring?
2 crura + 2 commissures
114
What are the two directional terms for location of the commissures of the superficial inguinal ring?
craniolateral & caudomedial
115
Deep inguinal ring
caudal border of internal abdominal oblique M
116
Orientation of deep inguinal ring
obliqued oriented dorsoventrally & lateromedially
117
Inguinal Ligament (Arcus Inguinalis)
thickened caudal portion of aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique M
118
Inguinal canal
space between inguinal rings
119
Priapism
persistent abnormal erection
120
Phimosis
construction of preputial ostium
121
Paraphimosis
inability to retract penis due to swelling or preputial constriction
122
Cryptorchidism
testes don't descend
123
Clinical Significance of Cryptorchidism
NO sperm production but produce testosterone
124
Visceral Vaginal Tunic
directly adhered to testes
125
Parietal Vaginal Tunic
outer later surrounding testes
126
Open castration vs. Closed
open: penetrated parietal vaginal tunic (open to peritoneal cavity)
closed: not penetrated parietal tunic
127
Which castration (open/closed) has a greater chance for infection?
open
128
List Mm associated with penis
Ischiocavernosus M
Bulbospongiosus M
Ischiourethralis M
Retractor Penis M
129
List accessory sex glands of dog
prostate
ampullary glands
130
List accessory sex glands of cat
prostate
small bulbourethral glands
