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Exam 3 Written (Cross) Flashcards

1
Q

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Mm

A

extrinsic: attach forelimb to trunk
intrinsic: attach only within limb

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2
Q

What is Brachial Plexus Avulsion

A

excessive pulling on thoracic limb
disrupts nerves originating from plexus

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3
Q

How does brachial plexus avulsion present?

A

cannot extend muscle
“dangling” limb

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4
Q

Elbow Dysplasia

A

instability or detachment of anconeal process –> inflammation / OA

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5
Q

What patients have elbow dysplasia most commonly?

A

large breed dogs

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6
Q

Two Types of Angular Limb Deformities

A

Carpal valgus
Carpal varus

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7
Q

Carpal valgus

A

angulation away from midline

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8
Q

Carpal varus

A

angulation toward midline

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9
Q

Orthogonal Views

A

see 3D structure in 2D, need several views for full pic

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10
Q

Radiopacities (in order)

A

Air
Fat
Water/soft tissue
Bone
Metal

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11
Q

Is metal radiolucent or radiopaque?
And is it black or white?

A

radiopaque
white

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12
Q

Summation

A

bone over bone = more radiopaque

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13
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

cone-shaped part of right ventricle that leads to pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

opening in fetal heart between atria | bypasses lungs

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15
Q

What occurs if foramen ovale doesn’t close after birth?

A

less oxygenated blood to aorta = growth/exercise problems

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16
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

CT remnant of ductus arteriosus in adult

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17
Q

Which valve = tricuspid? Which is bicuspid?

A

tricuspid = right AV
bicuspid = left AV

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18
Q

What are the 3 cusps of right AV valve?

A

parietal
septal
angular

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19
Q

What are the 2 cusps of the left AV valve?

A

parietal + septal

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20
Q

How many valvules are in the pulmonary & aortic valves?

A

3 semilunar valvules

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21
Q

Define non-congruent joint

A

two opposing joints not contouring each other

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22
Q

What is an example of a non-congruent joint in pelvic limb?

A

stifle (femoral condyles articulate with tibial condyles)

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23
Q

What is present to compensate for the non-congruent joint of the stifle?

A

menisci

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24
Q

Triceps Surae

A

soleus M + gastrocnemius M in cat

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25
Q

Coxofemoral Luxation

A

dislocated hip joint
cause: hit by car, person, horse

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26
Q

What directional location is a coxofemoral luxation displaced?

A

craniodorsal displacement

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27
Q

How does coxofemoral luxation present?

A

unilateral NWB lameness
limb toward median (carried adducted)

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28
Q

What are consequences of not treating coxofemoral luxation?

A

lose joint capsule
lose ligament of femoral head
lose transverse acetabular ligament

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29
Q

What occurs if coxofemoral luxation is not treated immediately?

A

continued soft tissue damage
degeneration of cartilage

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30
Q

Patellar Luxation

A

displacement of patella from trochlear sulcus

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31
Q

In what animals is medial patellar luxation most common?

A

small breed dogs

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32
Q

In what animals is lateral patellar luxation most common?

A

large breed dogs

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33
Q

Two Treatment Options for Patellar Luxation

A

Trochlear Wedge Resection Sx
Build up Quadriceps M

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34
Q

Hip Dysplasia

A

malformed hip joint
osteofites cause extra bone growth –> advanced arthritis
large breed common

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35
Q

Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)

A

loss of blood supply to joint –> cell death

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36
Q

What type of animals does OCD affect?

A

young, fast-growing animals

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37
Q

Perineum

A

part of body wall that covers pelvic outlet

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38
Q

Perineal region

A

visible external part of perineum

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39
Q

Perineal Body (Male)

A

area between anal canal + bulb of penis

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40
Q

Perineal Body (Female)

A

area between anus + vulva

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41
Q

What occurs if there is a loss of neural function to the muscles?

A

muscle atrophy
leg/joint collapse

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42
Q

What is the patella known for?

A

largest sesamoid bone in body

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43
Q

What type of joint is the stifle?

A

Non-congruent joint

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44
Q

Fabellae

A

small sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius M

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45
Q

Name two ligaments of the stifle prone to rupture

A

Cranial & caudal cruciate ligament

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46
Q

What is the “drawer sign”? And what is it accompanied by?

A

= CCL tear
accompanied by meniscus tear

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47
Q

What kind of joint is the Coxofemoral Joint?

A

ball & socket

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48
Q

Laborum

A

rim of fibrocartilage in acetabulum to deepen socket

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49
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A

stiff structure (NOT present in cat)
part of coxofemoral joint

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50
Q

Function of Transverse Acetabular Ligament

A

keep head of femur from popping out

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51
Q

Name the 4 tarsus joints

A

Tarsocrural joint
Proximal intertarsal joint
Distal intertarsal joint
Tarsometatarsal joint

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52
Q

Which tarsal joint had the most mobility?

A

Tarsocrural joint

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53
Q

Innervated by Obturator N

A

Adductor M
Gracilis M
Pectineus M
External Obturator M

54
Q

Innervated by Femoral N

A

Quadriceps femoris M
Sartorius M
Iliopsoas M

55
Q

Innervated by Caudal Rectal N

A

external anal sphincter

55
Q

Innervated by Perineal Nn

A

Mm of penis OR vestible/vulva

56
Q

Which nerve is sensory to penis/clitoris?

A

Dorsal N of penis
Dorsal N of clitoris

57
Q

Innervated by Caudal Gluteal N

A

superficial gluteal M

58
Q

Innervated by Cranial Gluteal N

A

middle gluteal
deep gluteal
piriformis
tensor fasciae latae

59
Q

Innervated by Sciatic N

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris

60
Q

Innervated by Tibial N

A

Gastrocnemius
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor

61
Q

Innervated by Common Fibular N

A

Cranial tibial N
Long digital extensor N
Fibularis longus

62
Q

List Mm that Extend Hip

A

Adductor
Gracilis
Piriformis
Gluteal Mm
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Quadratus femoris

63
Q

Mm that Flex Hip

A

Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae

64
Q

Mm that Extend Stifle

A

Quadriceps femoris
Tensor fasciae latae
Biceps femoris

65
Q

Mm that Flex Stifle

A

Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius

66
Q

Mm that Adduct Limb

A

Adductor
Gracilis
Pectineus

67
Q

Muscle that Abducts hip

A

All gluteal Mm

68
Q

Mm that Extend Hock

A

Gracilis
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus

69
Q

Mm that rotate limb medially

A

popliteus
middle gluteal
deep gluteal
piriformis

70
Q

Mm that rotate limb laterally

A

obturators
gemelli
quadratus femoris

71
Q

Muscle that rotates paw lateral

A

cranial tibial

72
Q

Muscle that rotates paw medial

A

fibularis longus

73
Q

Muscle that flexes digits

A

deep digital flexor

74
Q

Muscle that extends digits

A

long digital extensor

75
Q

What is the tarsus composed of?

A

soft tissue between leg and metatarsals

76
Q

Rows of tarsal bones

A

Proximal Row (central tarsal bone)
Distal row (tarsal bone 1,2,3)
Large 4th tarsal bone

77
Q

Collateral Ligaments

A

ligament that provides medial + lateral stability of joints
on either side of hinge joint

78
Q

Congenital urinary incontinence

A

involuntary uriantion from birth

79
Q

Trigone

A

where urethral orifices open
(male- orifices of ductus deferens)

80
Q

Renal Lobe

A

renal pyramid + renal cortex above it

81
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

expanded mucosa of ureter in kidney (beginning of ureter)

82
Q

Renal Sinus

A

fat-filled cavity around renal pelvis

83
Q

Pelvis recess

A

diverticula extending into renal parenchyma

84
Q

Hilus

A

where arteries/nerves of kidney leave

85
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

86
Q

What are the two capsules of the kidney?

A

fibrous capsule + adipose capsule

87
Q

What kind of muscle is in the ureter?

A

smooth muscle

88
Q

What process allows urine movement?

A

peristalsis

89
Q

Which muscle contracts/empties bladder?

A

Detrusor M

90
Q

Do SNS/PSNS inhibit/allow bladder contraction?

A

SNS: inhibit contraction
PSNS: allow contraction

91
Q

What nerve controls physiological sphincter at the neck of the urinary bladder?

A

Hypogastric N

92
Q

What nerve is PSNS innervation of the urinary system?

93
Q

What nerve is somatic of the bladder?

A

Pudendal N

94
Q

What muscle is used for voluntary control of the bladder and surrounds urethra?

A

Urethralis M

95
Q

Where does the urethral tubercle open on floor of vestibule (female)?

A

Vestibulovaginal junction

96
Q

Root of penis

A

two crura + bulb of penis

97
Q

Bulb of penis

A

caudal expansion of corpus spongiosum penis

98
Q

What muscle covers the bulb of the penis

A

Bulbospongiosus M

99
Q

What are the crura of the penis?

A

proximal end of each corpus cavernosum attached to the ischiatic arch

100
Q

What muscle covers the crura of the penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus M

101
Q

What is the core of the crura made of?

A

Corpus Cavernosum Penis

102
Q

What covers the testicles before descending?

A

Visceral Peritoneum by the kidneys

103
Q

Gubernaculum testis

A

mesenchymal tissue from testis through inguinal canal that attach to testicles

shrinks/pulls testis during development

104
Q

What structure do the testicles pass through?

A

deep inguinal ring

105
Q

What tissue starts after the testicles descend through the deep inguinal ring?

A

parietal peritoneum

106
Q

What do the parietal & visceral peritoneum turn into after passing through the deep inguinal ring?

A

parietal + vaginal tunics

107
Q

Vagina Cavity

A

space between parietal + vaginal tunic

108
Q

Function of Semiferous tubules

A

where sperm production occurs

109
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

thick capsule around testes

110
Q

Testicular bursa

A

space between epididymis & testes

111
Q

Prostate gland

A

R & L lobes with a dense capsule
bulk around urethra

112
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

slit in aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique M

113
Q

What are the components of the superficial inguinal ring?

A

2 crura + 2 commissures

114
Q

What are the two directional terms for location of the commissures of the superficial inguinal ring?

A

craniolateral & caudomedial

115
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

caudal border of internal abdominal oblique M

116
Q

Orientation of deep inguinal ring

A

obliqued oriented dorsoventrally & lateromedially

117
Q

Inguinal Ligament (Arcus Inguinalis)

A

thickened caudal portion of aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique M

118
Q

Inguinal canal

A

space between inguinal rings

119
Q

Priapism

A

persistent abnormal erection

120
Q

Phimosis

A

construction of preputial ostium

121
Q

Paraphimosis

A

inability to retract penis due to swelling or preputial constriction

122
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

testes don’t descend

123
Q

Clinical Significance of Cryptorchidism

A

NO sperm production but produce testosterone

124
Q

Visceral Vaginal Tunic

A

directly adhered to testes

125
Q

Parietal Vaginal Tunic

A

outer later surrounding testes

126
Q

Open castration vs. Closed

A

open: penetrated parietal vaginal tunic (open to peritoneal cavity)
closed: not penetrated parietal tunic

127
Q

Which castration (open/closed) has a greater chance for infection?

128
Q

List Mm associated with penis

A

Ischiocavernosus M
Bulbospongiosus M
Ischiourethralis M
Retractor Penis M

129
Q

List accessory sex glands of dog

A

prostate
ampullary glands

130
Q

List accessory sex glands of cat

A

prostate
small bulbourethral glands

Anatomy (11 decks)

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