Exam 2 Written Flashcards
1
Q
Boundaries of thoracic cavity
A
manubrium –> diaphragm
2
Q
Sternal Vertebrae
A
articulate w/ sternum
pairs 1-9
3
Q
Asternal Vertebrae
A
no sternal articulation
pairs 10-12
4
Q
Free/Floating Vertebrae
A
13th pair
5
Q
Costal Arch
A
union of cartilages of asternal ribs
10-12
6
Q
Canine Vertebral Formula
A
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd~20
7
Q
Anticlinal Vertebrae
A
11th thoracic vertebrae
where spine orientation changes
8
Q
Endothoracic fascia
A
continuation of deep layer of cervical fascia
passes through diaphragmatic hiatuses
separates ribs from pleura
9
Q
What is the endothoracic fascia’s continuation into abdomen?
A
Transverse abdominal fascia (endoabdominal fascia)
10
Q
Parietal Pleura
A
attaches to thoracic wall by endothoracic fascia
11
Q
Visceral Pleura
A
lines lungs
12
Q
Pleural Sac
A
closed sac including parietal + visceral pleura
13
Q
Pleural Cavity
A
space between pleura with some fluid to create negative pressure for inflation/deflation of lungs
14
Q
Pleural recesses
A
“clefts” between reflected layers of parietal pleura (where 2 layers connect)
allow for lung expansion
15
Q
Line of Pleural Reflection
A
where costal pleura is continuous with diaphragmatic pleura (sternum –> last rib)
16
Q
Significance of line of pleural reflection
A
thoracic & abdominal structures contained w/in ribcage
used for radiology
17
Q
What pleural recess forms the boundary of the line of pleural reflection?
A
costodiaphragmatic recess
18
Q
Mediastinum
A
thin/transparent structure containing most thoracic cavity structures minus lungs
19
Q
What is the significance of the mediastinum?
A
easily ruptured/damaged by trauma
20
Q
Inspiratory Mm
A
Diaphragm
Scalenus dorsalis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis
21
Q
Expiratory Mm
A
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Retractor costae
Abdominal muscles
22
Q
Which vein within the thorax is unpaired in the dog?
A
Right Azygous Vein
23
Q
What nerves supply parasympathetic innervation in thorax?
A
cranial Nn
vagus N
24
Q
What nerves supply sympathetic innervation in thorax?
A
Sympathetic Nn
Sympathetic trunk & ganglia
Middle cervical ganglion, cervicothoracic ganglion
25
What are the lobes of the right lung in carnivores?
cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
26
What are the lobes of the left lung in carnivores/
cranial lobe (cranial & caudal part), caudal lobe
27
Where are the cardiac notches in the right lung?
between cranial & middle lobes
28
Where are the cardiac notches in the left lung?
between cranial/caudal parts of cranial lobe
29
Pulmonary hilus
"root" of lung
entry/exit for nerves/vessels
30
Pulmonary ligament of right lung
connects hilar region to aorta
31
Pulmonary ligament of left lung
connects hilar region to esophagus
32
Carina
tissue separating into bronchi
33
What is the primary site for gas exchange within the lung?
alveolar sacs & alveoli
34
What muscle is inspiratory & divides thoracic/abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
35
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
phrenic Nn (ventral branches of spinal nerves)
36
Aortic hiatus
where aorta passes through diaphragm
37
Esophageal hiatus
where esophagus passes through diaphragm
38
Caval foramen
where caudal vena cava passes through diaphragm
39
Diaphragmatic hernia (def)
disruption of continuity in diaphragm
abdominal organs into thoracic cavity
40
Causes of Diaphragmatic Hernia
congenital (chronic)
traumatic (injury)
41
Pyothorax
pus accumulates in pleural space
42
Cause of pyothorax
penetrating wound to thoracic wall
43
Pneumothorax
air/gas accumulates in pleural space
44
Causes of pneumothorax
spontaneous (no trauma)
traumatic
45
Where is needle placed to perform thoracentesis? (and why)
middle of intercostal space 6, 7, or 8
to avoid vessels!
46
Purpose of thoracentesis
collect sample for testing
remove pleural air / effusion
stabilize patient (w impaired ventilation)
47
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
disorder of fetal heart
ducts don't close properly --> loud murmur
48
Effects of PDA
blood bypasses lungs
less O2 in blood
exercise intolerance
poor growth
49
Foramen Ovale
opening between atria
50
What can occur if there's a problem with the foramen ovale?
less oxygenated blood to aorta
--> growth/exercise problems
51
Intra-atrial septal defect
defect when foramen ovale doesn't close
52
Ductus Arteriosus
normal fetal artery that connects pulmonary trunk & aorta
53
Ligamentum Arteriosum
tissue between aorta & pulmonary trunk
remnant of ductus arteriosus from fetus
54
Ductus Venosus
fetal vessel connects umbilical vein to vena cava (bypassing liver)
55
Portosystemic shunt
occurs if ductus venosus doesn't close after birth
leads to stunted growth/weakness
56
Portal System
two capillary beds connected in series between arteriole & venule
57
Portal system of liver
venous blood from GI --> portal vein --> liver sinusoids
58
Cisterna chyli
dilated part of lymph channel which collects lymph from abdomen, pelvic organs, pelvic limb
59
Explain care during splenectomy
remove little vessels near spleen NOT splenic A
doing so would cut off blood flow to stomach
60
Spleen general functions
RBC storage
particulate matter removal
destroy old RBC
produce lymphocytes
61
Spleen working dog functions
contraction / relaxation
RBC into system for more efficient O2 ability
62
Functions of Lymph System
interstitial homeostasis
defense against infection/infestation
63
Interstitial homeostasis
lymph transport from GI --> veins
returns filtered plasma into circulation
64
Locations w/o lymphatics
CNS
bone marrow
bulb of eye
inner ear
cartilage
superficial skin
65
Peritoneum
tissue which lines abdominal cavity
66
What tissue type makes up peritoneum?
simple squamous (mesothelium)
67
Endoabdominal fascia
connects to peritoneum and covers inner abdominal cavity
68
Rectus Sheath Mm
external abdominal oblique M
internal abdominal oblique M
transversus abdominus M
69
Linea Alba
strip of tissue along midline
where aponeuroses meet
70
Importance of Linea Alba
landmark for incision for surgery
spares nerves/vessels/muscle, no retraction
71
Unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
long transverse processes direct cranially
mamillary processes (on cranial articular processes)
72
Greater omentum
attaches to greater curvature of stomach
has superficial & deep walls
73
Lesser omentum
attaches to lesser curvature of stomach
74
Omental bursa
cavity formed between lesser & greater omentum
75
Stomach function
Food storage/mixing
Begins breakdown process
76
Small intestine function
nutrient absorption
77
Large intestine function
water/electrolyte absorption
78
anal canal
passage from rectum to exterior
79
Liver functions
blood detoxification
bile production
metabolism (fat/carb/protein)
80
Pancreas functions
exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
endocrine: produce pancreatic islets (control digestion-insulin/glucagon)
81
Regions of Stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
Pylorus
82
What part of the stomach is the inlet for ingesta?
Cardia
83
Parts of pylorus
pyloric antrum (thinner, initial part)
pyloric canal (thicker)
84
SNS innervation of stomach
Splanchnic Nn --> celiacomesenteric ganglion
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
85
PSNS innervation of stomach
Vagus N (before transverse colon)
Pelvic Nn (descending colon)
86
Gastropexy
permanently adhere stomach to body wall surgically
87
Gastrotomy
open stomach (like for FB removal)
88
Gastrectomy
removal of stomach
89
Parts of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
90
Duodenum
proximal part of small intestine
pylorus empties into it
91
Jejunum
longest part of small intestine
segmental & perisaltic ingesta movement
92
Ileum
terminal portion of small intestine
93
Enterotomy
incision into small intestine
use longitudinal incision w/ transverse sutures to prevent stricture that decreases ingesta flow
94
Intussusception
telescoping/invagination of small intestine on another
typical response to FB or enteritis
95
Resection & Anastomosis
remove part of intestines & suture back together
96
Parts of large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
97
Dog cecum
S-shaped, twisted pouch joined to ileum
98
Cat cecum
small, comma-shaped joined to ileum
99
Paranal sinuses
aka anal sacs
100
Paranal sinus location
ventrolateral to anus
4 & 8 o'clock position
101
Internal v External Anal Sphincters
Internal: smooth muscle / involuntary
External: striated muscle / voluntary
102
What is the largest organ in the body?
Liver
103
How many lobes of the liver in dogs & cats?
6 lobes
104
Location of gall bladder
between right medial lobe & quadrate lobe
105
Gall bladder --> Small Intestine (biliary tree process)
Bile canaliculi --> hepatic ducts
Hepatic ducts + cystic ducts = bile duct --> duodenum
106
What supplies blood to the liver?
Hepatic A
107
What takes blood from the liver?
Portal vein
108
What organs drain into the portal vein
All abdominal organs ex. kidneys
109
Parts of Pancreas
Left lobe: shorter/thicker
Body
Right lobe: longer, along duodenum
110
What supplies blood to pancreas?
Cranial Pancreaticoduodenal A (from gastroduodenal A)
Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal A (from cranial mesenteric A)
111
What does blood leave pancreas through?
veins drain into portal vein
112
Pancreatic Duct System in Dogs
major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empty
minor duodenal papilla- accessory pancreatic duct empty
113
Pancreatic Duct System in Cats
major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empties
doesn't always have minor or accessory pancreatic duct
114
Muscles that extend shoulder
brachiocephalicus
subscapularis
coracobrachialis
deep pectoral
biceps brachii
supraspinatus
115
Muscles that flex shoulder
latissimus dorsi
deep pectoral
deltoideus
teres minor
teres major
triceps brachii
116
Muscles that extend the elbow
tensor fasciae antebrachii
triceps brachii
anconeus
117
Muscles that flex the elbow
biceps brachii
brachialis
supinator
pronator teres
118
Intrinsic muscles
attach only within limb
119
Extrinsic muscles
attach forelimb to trunk
120
Bursa
synovial sac between 2 structures to cushion & reduce friction on tendon
121
Tendon sheath
layer of synovial membrane around tendon
