Exam 2 Written Flashcards
Boundaries of thoracic cavity
manubrium –> diaphragm
Sternal Vertebrae
articulate w/ sternum
pairs 1-9
Asternal Vertebrae
no sternal articulation
pairs 10-12
Free/Floating Vertebrae
13th pair
Costal Arch
union of cartilages of asternal ribs
10-12
Canine Vertebral Formula
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd~20
Anticlinal Vertebrae
11th thoracic vertebrae
where spine orientation changes
Endothoracic fascia
continuation of deep layer of cervical fascia
passes through diaphragmatic hiatuses
separates ribs from pleura
What is the endothoracic fascia’s continuation into abdomen?
Transverse abdominal fascia (endoabdominal fascia)
Parietal Pleura
attaches to thoracic wall by endothoracic fascia
Visceral Pleura
lines lungs
Pleural Sac
closed sac including parietal + visceral pleura
Pleural Cavity
space between pleura with some fluid to create negative pressure for inflation/deflation of lungs
Pleural recesses
“clefts” between reflected layers of parietal pleura (where 2 layers connect)
allow for lung expansion
Line of Pleural Reflection
where costal pleura is continuous with diaphragmatic pleura (sternum –> last rib)
Significance of line of pleural reflection
thoracic & abdominal structures contained w/in ribcage
used for radiology
What pleural recess forms the boundary of the line of pleural reflection?
costodiaphragmatic recess
Mediastinum
thin/transparent structure containing most thoracic cavity structures minus lungs
What is the significance of the mediastinum?
easily ruptured/damaged by trauma
Inspiratory Mm
Diaphragm
Scalenus dorsalis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis
Expiratory Mm
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Retractor costae
Abdominal muscles
Which vein within the thorax is unpaired in the dog?
Right Azygous Vein
What nerves supply parasympathetic innervation in thorax?
cranial Nn
vagus N
What nerves supply sympathetic innervation in thorax?
Sympathetic Nn
Sympathetic trunk & ganglia
Middle cervical ganglion, cervicothoracic ganglion
What are the lobes of the right lung in carnivores?
cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
What are the lobes of the left lung in carnivores/
cranial lobe (cranial & caudal part), caudal lobe
Where are the cardiac notches in the right lung?
between cranial & middle lobes
Where are the cardiac notches in the left lung?
between cranial/caudal parts of cranial lobe
Pulmonary hilus
“root” of lung
entry/exit for nerves/vessels
Pulmonary ligament of right lung
connects hilar region to aorta
Pulmonary ligament of left lung
connects hilar region to esophagus
Carina
tissue separating into bronchi
What is the primary site for gas exchange within the lung?
alveolar sacs & alveoli
What muscle is inspiratory & divides thoracic/abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
phrenic Nn (ventral branches of spinal nerves)
Aortic hiatus
where aorta passes through diaphragm
Esophageal hiatus
where esophagus passes through diaphragm
Caval foramen
where caudal vena cava passes through diaphragm
Diaphragmatic hernia (def)
disruption of continuity in diaphragm
abdominal organs into thoracic cavity
Causes of Diaphragmatic Hernia
congenital (chronic)
traumatic (injury)
Pyothorax
pus accumulates in pleural space
Cause of pyothorax
penetrating wound to thoracic wall
Pneumothorax
air/gas accumulates in pleural space
Causes of pneumothorax
spontaneous (no trauma)
traumatic
Where is needle placed to perform thoracentesis? (and why)
middle of intercostal space 6, 7, or 8
to avoid vessels!
Purpose of thoracentesis
collect sample for testing
remove pleural air / effusion
stabilize patient (w impaired ventilation)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
disorder of fetal heart
ducts don’t close properly –> loud murmur
Effects of PDA
blood bypasses lungs
less O2 in blood
exercise intolerance
poor growth
Foramen Ovale
opening between atria
What can occur if there’s a problem with the foramen ovale?
less oxygenated blood to aorta
–> growth/exercise problems
Intra-atrial septal defect
defect when foramen ovale doesn’t close
Ductus Arteriosus
normal fetal artery that connects pulmonary trunk & aorta
Ligamentum Arteriosum
tissue between aorta & pulmonary trunk
remnant of ductus arteriosus from fetus
Ductus Venosus
fetal vessel connects umbilical vein to vena cava (bypassing liver)
Portosystemic shunt
occurs if ductus venosus doesn’t close after birth
leads to stunted growth/weakness
Portal System
two capillary beds connected in series between arteriole & venule
Portal system of liver
venous blood from GI –> portal vein –> liver sinusoids
Cisterna chyli
dilated part of lymph channel which collects lymph from abdomen, pelvic organs, pelvic limb
Explain care during splenectomy
remove little vessels near spleen NOT splenic A
doing so would cut off blood flow to stomach
Spleen general functions
RBC storage
particulate matter removal
destroy old RBC
produce lymphocytes
Spleen working dog functions
contraction / relaxation
RBC into system for more efficient O2 ability
Functions of Lymph System
interstitial homeostasis
defense against infection/infestation
Interstitial homeostasis
lymph transport from GI –> veins
returns filtered plasma into circulation
Locations w/o lymphatics
CNS
bone marrow
bulb of eye
inner ear
cartilage
superficial skin
Peritoneum
tissue which lines abdominal cavity
What tissue type makes up peritoneum?
simple squamous (mesothelium)
Endoabdominal fascia
connects to peritoneum and covers inner abdominal cavity
Rectus Sheath Mm
external abdominal oblique M
internal abdominal oblique M
transversus abdominus M
Linea Alba
strip of tissue along midline
where aponeuroses meet
Importance of Linea Alba
landmark for incision for surgery
spares nerves/vessels/muscle, no retraction
Unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
long transverse processes direct cranially
mamillary processes (on cranial articular processes)
Greater omentum
attaches to greater curvature of stomach
has superficial & deep walls
Lesser omentum
attaches to lesser curvature of stomach
Omental bursa
cavity formed between lesser & greater omentum
Stomach function
Food storage/mixing
Begins breakdown process
Small intestine function
nutrient absorption
Large intestine function
water/electrolyte absorption
anal canal
passage from rectum to exterior
Liver functions
blood detoxification
bile production
metabolism (fat/carb/protein)
Pancreas functions
exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
endocrine: produce pancreatic islets (control digestion-insulin/glucagon)
Regions of Stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
Pylorus
What part of the stomach is the inlet for ingesta?
Cardia
Parts of pylorus
pyloric antrum (thinner, initial part)
pyloric canal (thicker)
SNS innervation of stomach
Splanchnic Nn –> celiacomesenteric ganglion
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
PSNS innervation of stomach
Vagus N (before transverse colon)
Pelvic Nn (descending colon)
Gastropexy
permanently adhere stomach to body wall surgically
Gastrotomy
open stomach (like for FB removal)
Gastrectomy
removal of stomach
Parts of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
Duodenum
proximal part of small intestine
pylorus empties into it
Jejunum
longest part of small intestine
segmental & perisaltic ingesta movement
Ileum
terminal portion of small intestine
Enterotomy
incision into small intestine
use longitudinal incision w/ transverse sutures to prevent stricture that decreases ingesta flow
Intussusception
telescoping/invagination of small intestine on another
typical response to FB or enteritis
Resection & Anastomosis
remove part of intestines & suture back together
Parts of large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
Dog cecum
S-shaped, twisted pouch joined to ileum
Cat cecum
small, comma-shaped joined to ileum
Paranal sinuses
aka anal sacs
Paranal sinus location
ventrolateral to anus
4 & 8 o’clock position
Internal v External Anal Sphincters
Internal: smooth muscle / involuntary
External: striated muscle / voluntary
What is the largest organ in the body?
Liver
How many lobes of the liver in dogs & cats?
6 lobes
Location of gall bladder
between right medial lobe & quadrate lobe
Gall bladder –> Small Intestine (biliary tree process)
Bile canaliculi –> hepatic ducts
Hepatic ducts + cystic ducts = bile duct –> duodenum
What supplies blood to the liver?
Hepatic A
What takes blood from the liver?
Portal vein
What organs drain into the portal vein
All abdominal organs ex. kidneys
Parts of Pancreas
Left lobe: shorter/thicker
Body
Right lobe: longer, along duodenum
What supplies blood to pancreas?
Cranial Pancreaticoduodenal A (from gastroduodenal A)
Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal A (from cranial mesenteric A)
What does blood leave pancreas through?
veins drain into portal vein
Pancreatic Duct System in Dogs
major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empty
minor duodenal papilla- accessory pancreatic duct empty
Pancreatic Duct System in Cats
major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empties
doesn’t always have minor or accessory pancreatic duct
Muscles that extend shoulder
brachiocephalicus
subscapularis
coracobrachialis
deep pectoral
biceps brachii
supraspinatus
Muscles that flex shoulder
latissimus dorsi
deep pectoral
deltoideus
teres minor
teres major
triceps brachii
Muscles that extend the elbow
tensor fasciae antebrachii
triceps brachii
anconeus
Muscles that flex the elbow
biceps brachii
brachialis
supinator
pronator teres
Intrinsic muscles
attach only within limb
Extrinsic muscles
attach forelimb to trunk
Bursa
synovial sac between 2 structures to cushion & reduce friction on tendon
Tendon sheath
layer of synovial membrane around tendon
