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Anatomy > Exam 2 Written > Flashcards

Exam 2 Written Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of thoracic cavity

A

manubrium –> diaphragm

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2
Q

Sternal Vertebrae

A

articulate w/ sternum
pairs 1-9

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3
Q

Asternal Vertebrae

A

no sternal articulation
pairs 10-12

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4
Q

Free/Floating Vertebrae

A

13th pair

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5
Q

Costal Arch

A

union of cartilages of asternal ribs
10-12

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6
Q

Canine Vertebral Formula

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd~20

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7
Q

Anticlinal Vertebrae

A

11th thoracic vertebrae
where spine orientation changes

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8
Q

Endothoracic fascia

A

continuation of deep layer of cervical fascia
passes through diaphragmatic hiatuses
separates ribs from pleura

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9
Q

What is the endothoracic fascia’s continuation into abdomen?

A

Transverse abdominal fascia (endoabdominal fascia)

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10
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

attaches to thoracic wall by endothoracic fascia

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11
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

lines lungs

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12
Q

Pleural Sac

A

closed sac including parietal + visceral pleura

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13
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

space between pleura with some fluid to create negative pressure for inflation/deflation of lungs

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14
Q

Pleural recesses

A

“clefts” between reflected layers of parietal pleura (where 2 layers connect)
allow for lung expansion

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15
Q

Line of Pleural Reflection

A

where costal pleura is continuous with diaphragmatic pleura (sternum –> last rib)

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16
Q

Significance of line of pleural reflection

A

thoracic & abdominal structures contained w/in ribcage
used for radiology

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17
Q

What pleural recess forms the boundary of the line of pleural reflection?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

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18
Q

Mediastinum

A

thin/transparent structure containing most thoracic cavity structures minus lungs

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19
Q

What is the significance of the mediastinum?

A

easily ruptured/damaged by trauma

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20
Q

Inspiratory Mm

A

Diaphragm
Scalenus dorsalis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis

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21
Q

Expiratory Mm

A

Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Retractor costae
Abdominal muscles

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22
Q

Which vein within the thorax is unpaired in the dog?

A

Right Azygous Vein

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23
Q

What nerves supply parasympathetic innervation in thorax?

A

cranial Nn
vagus N

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24
Q

What nerves supply sympathetic innervation in thorax?

A

Sympathetic Nn
Sympathetic trunk & ganglia
Middle cervical ganglion, cervicothoracic ganglion

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25
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung in carnivores?

A

cranial, middle, caudal, accessory

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26
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung in carnivores/

A

cranial lobe (cranial & caudal part), caudal lobe

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27
Q

Where are the cardiac notches in the right lung?

A

between cranial & middle lobes

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28
Q

Where are the cardiac notches in the left lung?

A

between cranial/caudal parts of cranial lobe

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29
Q

Pulmonary hilus

A

“root” of lung
entry/exit for nerves/vessels

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30
Q

Pulmonary ligament of right lung

A

connects hilar region to aorta

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31
Q

Pulmonary ligament of left lung

A

connects hilar region to esophagus

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32
Q

Carina

A

tissue separating into bronchi

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33
Q

What is the primary site for gas exchange within the lung?

A

alveolar sacs & alveoli

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34
Q

What muscle is inspiratory & divides thoracic/abdominal cavities?

A

diaphragm

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35
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

phrenic Nn (ventral branches of spinal nerves)

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36
Q

Aortic hiatus

A

where aorta passes through diaphragm

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37
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

where esophagus passes through diaphragm

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38
Q

Caval foramen

A

where caudal vena cava passes through diaphragm

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39
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia (def)

A

disruption of continuity in diaphragm
abdominal organs into thoracic cavity

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40
Q

Causes of Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

congenital (chronic)
traumatic (injury)

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41
Q

Pyothorax

A

pus accumulates in pleural space

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42
Q

Cause of pyothorax

A

penetrating wound to thoracic wall

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43
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air/gas accumulates in pleural space

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44
Q

Causes of pneumothorax

A

spontaneous (no trauma)
traumatic

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45
Q

Where is needle placed to perform thoracentesis? (and why)

A

middle of intercostal space 6, 7, or 8
to avoid vessels!

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46
Q

Purpose of thoracentesis

A

collect sample for testing
remove pleural air / effusion
stabilize patient (w impaired ventilation)

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47
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A

disorder of fetal heart
ducts don’t close properly –> loud murmur

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48
Q

Effects of PDA

A

blood bypasses lungs
less O2 in blood
exercise intolerance
poor growth

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49
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

opening between atria

50
Q

What can occur if there’s a problem with the foramen ovale?

A

less oxygenated blood to aorta
–> growth/exercise problems

51
Q

Intra-atrial septal defect

A

defect when foramen ovale doesn’t close

52
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

normal fetal artery that connects pulmonary trunk & aorta

53
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

tissue between aorta & pulmonary trunk
remnant of ductus arteriosus from fetus

54
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

fetal vessel connects umbilical vein to vena cava (bypassing liver)

55
Q

Portosystemic shunt

A

occurs if ductus venosus doesn’t close after birth
leads to stunted growth/weakness

56
Q

Portal System

A

two capillary beds connected in series between arteriole & venule

57
Q

Portal system of liver

A

venous blood from GI –> portal vein –> liver sinusoids

58
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

dilated part of lymph channel which collects lymph from abdomen, pelvic organs, pelvic limb

59
Q

Explain care during splenectomy

A

remove little vessels near spleen NOT splenic A
doing so would cut off blood flow to stomach

60
Q

Spleen general functions

A

RBC storage
particulate matter removal
destroy old RBC
produce lymphocytes

61
Q

Spleen working dog functions

A

contraction / relaxation
RBC into system for more efficient O2 ability

62
Q

Functions of Lymph System

A

interstitial homeostasis
defense against infection/infestation

63
Q

Interstitial homeostasis

A

lymph transport from GI –> veins
returns filtered plasma into circulation

64
Q

Locations w/o lymphatics

A

CNS
bone marrow
bulb of eye
inner ear
cartilage
superficial skin

65
Q

Peritoneum

A

tissue which lines abdominal cavity

66
Q

What tissue type makes up peritoneum?

A

simple squamous (mesothelium)

67
Q

Endoabdominal fascia

A

connects to peritoneum and covers inner abdominal cavity

68
Q

Rectus Sheath Mm

A

external abdominal oblique M
internal abdominal oblique M
transversus abdominus M

69
Q

Linea Alba

A

strip of tissue along midline
where aponeuroses meet

70
Q

Importance of Linea Alba

A

landmark for incision for surgery
spares nerves/vessels/muscle, no retraction

71
Q

Unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

A

long transverse processes direct cranially
mamillary processes (on cranial articular processes)

72
Q

Greater omentum

A

attaches to greater curvature of stomach
has superficial & deep walls

73
Q

Lesser omentum

A

attaches to lesser curvature of stomach

74
Q

Omental bursa

A

cavity formed between lesser & greater omentum

75
Q

Stomach function

A

Food storage/mixing
Begins breakdown process

76
Q

Small intestine function

A

nutrient absorption

77
Q

Large intestine function

A

water/electrolyte absorption

78
Q

anal canal

A

passage from rectum to exterior

79
Q

Liver functions

A

blood detoxification
bile production
metabolism (fat/carb/protein)

80
Q

Pancreas functions

A

exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
endocrine: produce pancreatic islets (control digestion-insulin/glucagon)

81
Q

Regions of Stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
Pylorus

82
Q

What part of the stomach is the inlet for ingesta?

A

Cardia

83
Q

Parts of pylorus

A

pyloric antrum (thinner, initial part)
pyloric canal (thicker)

84
Q

SNS innervation of stomach

A

Splanchnic Nn –> celiacomesenteric ganglion
Caudal mesenteric ganglion

85
Q

PSNS innervation of stomach

A

Vagus N (before transverse colon)
Pelvic Nn (descending colon)

86
Q

Gastropexy

A

permanently adhere stomach to body wall surgically

87
Q

Gastrotomy

A

open stomach (like for FB removal)

88
Q

Gastrectomy

A

removal of stomach

89
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

90
Q

Duodenum

A

proximal part of small intestine
pylorus empties into it

91
Q

Jejunum

A

longest part of small intestine
segmental & perisaltic ingesta movement

92
Q

Ileum

A

terminal portion of small intestine

93
Q

Enterotomy

A

incision into small intestine
use longitudinal incision w/ transverse sutures to prevent stricture that decreases ingesta flow

94
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping/invagination of small intestine on another
typical response to FB or enteritis

95
Q

Resection & Anastomosis

A

remove part of intestines & suture back together

96
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum

97
Q

Dog cecum

A

S-shaped, twisted pouch joined to ileum

98
Q

Cat cecum

A

small, comma-shaped joined to ileum

99
Q

Paranal sinuses

A

aka anal sacs

100
Q

Paranal sinus location

A

ventrolateral to anus
4 & 8 o’clock position

101
Q

Internal v External Anal Sphincters

A

Internal: smooth muscle / involuntary
External: striated muscle / voluntary

102
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Liver

103
Q

How many lobes of the liver in dogs & cats?

A

6 lobes

104
Q

Location of gall bladder

A

between right medial lobe & quadrate lobe

105
Q

Gall bladder –> Small Intestine (biliary tree process)

A

Bile canaliculi –> hepatic ducts
Hepatic ducts + cystic ducts = bile duct –> duodenum

106
Q

What supplies blood to the liver?

A

Hepatic A

107
Q

What takes blood from the liver?

A

Portal vein

108
Q

What organs drain into the portal vein

A

All abdominal organs ex. kidneys

109
Q

Parts of Pancreas

A

Left lobe: shorter/thicker
Body
Right lobe: longer, along duodenum

110
Q

What supplies blood to pancreas?

A

Cranial Pancreaticoduodenal A (from gastroduodenal A)
Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal A (from cranial mesenteric A)

111
Q

What does blood leave pancreas through?

A

veins drain into portal vein

112
Q

Pancreatic Duct System in Dogs

A

major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empty
minor duodenal papilla- accessory pancreatic duct empty

113
Q

Pancreatic Duct System in Cats

A

major duodenal papilla- bile + pancreatic duct empties
doesn’t always have minor or accessory pancreatic duct

114
Q

Muscles that extend shoulder

A

brachiocephalicus
subscapularis
coracobrachialis
deep pectoral
biceps brachii
supraspinatus

115
Q

Muscles that flex shoulder

A

latissimus dorsi
deep pectoral
deltoideus
teres minor
teres major
triceps brachii

116
Q

Muscles that extend the elbow

A

tensor fasciae antebrachii
triceps brachii
anconeus

117
Q

Muscles that flex the elbow

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
supinator
pronator teres

118
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

attach only within limb

119
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

attach forelimb to trunk

120
Q

Bursa

A

synovial sac between 2 structures to cushion & reduce friction on tendon

121
Q

Tendon sheath

A

layer of synovial membrane around tendon

Anatomy (11 decks)

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