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2nd Period, Life Sciences Honors > Exam 4 - Transcription, Translation, Cell Division > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Transcription, Translation, Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

rRNA

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2
Q

what is a Gene?

B4.1-2

A

A gene is a specific region on the DNA which holds the instructions to make a specific protein.

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3
Q

what is a codon?

E 15

A

A codon is every 3 bases in the mRNA

E 15

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4
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Long-chain polymers made up of nucleotide monomers(building blocks).

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5
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messanger RNA.

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6
Q

what does tRNA do?

Fixed by Mr. B

E 15

A

It carries over amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the codon on mRNA

E 15

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A 4.1-1

A

DNA is
a double helix structure that is the genetic instructions and storage for the cell.

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8
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

C4.1-3

A

rRna (Ribosomal RNA) ; mRNA (Messanger RNA) ; tRNA (Transfer RNA)

C4.1-3

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9
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Single-stranded; actual template that ribosomes read to make proteins from.

A7-1

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10
Q

what does mRNA stand for?

E4.1-2

A

messenger rna

because it is a smaller copy that can be transported.

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11
Q

mRNA travels out of the nucleus to deliver its message to what?

b4.1-2

A

it delivers its messages to the ribosome found out in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What are polymers made up of?

A 4.1-1

A

monomers.

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13
Q

What is the part of tRNA that matches with the correct mRNA codon?

Fixed by Mr. B

E4.1-2

A

Anticodon on one end of tRNA, amino acid on the other end

E4-1-2

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

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15
Q

Ribosomes do what during translation?

B10 4.1

A

build proteins in the cytoplasm by reading off of a “ working copy”

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16
Q

Describe DNA’s structure.

A

DNA has a double-helix structure made of nucleotides and serves as genetic instructions and storage.

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17
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

mRNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that serves as the actual template read by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.

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18
Q

List the nitrogenous bases in RNA.

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil are the nitrogenous bases in RNA.

Does not have thymine, only DNA has that. Has uracil instead

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19
Q

What nitrogenous base replaces Thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA.

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20
Q

Explain the difference between DNA and RNA.

A

DNA is double-stranded with Thymine, while RNA is single-stranded with Uracil.
DNA is missing an oxygen in it sugar (deoxyribose)
DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is mostly found outside in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that contains only one copy of the chromosomes.

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22
Q

what is an allele?

Fixed by Mr. B

E 15

A

an allele is a variant of a gene

green eye color vs. blue eye color; pink vs. green flowers, etc.

E 15

23
Q

What is cytokenisis?

F18

A

The final stage of mytosis and it splits the cell in 2.

24
Q

What is a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence?

Shhhhh

C4.2-2

A

Silent Mutation

25
Q

What can cause a mutation to occur?

A

UV light,Free radicals, Radiation,Replication errors, and chemicals.

26
Q

Scientists were watching a damaged cell preform Mitosis. The DNA refused to coil and because of this the new cells are not identical. They imported some coiled DNA from an identical cell to balance it. What did the DNA refuse to become?

A 4.2-1

A

The DNA refused to become a chromosome.

A 4.2-1

27
Q

What is mitosis?

E.4.2.4

A

the process of a cell “reproducing” by spliting into 2 identical, somatic, dipliod daughter cells.

28
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

B4.2-1

A

The cell grows, carries out normal functions, and prepares to replicate DNA.

B4.2-1

29
Q

D

A
30
Q

what happens in interphase?

E 15

A

in interphase the cell copies its insides to get ready to reproduce

E 15

31
Q

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

B4.2-1

A

G1, S phase, G2, and Mitosis

32
Q

DNA replication is basically transcription but uses this enzyme?

A

DNA polymerase

Transcription use RNA polymerase

B 10

33
Q

What Is Gene Locus?

C4.2-3

A

A Specific, Fixed Position Of A Specific Gene/Trait On A Species’ Chromosome.

34
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

B4.2-1

A

The cell prepares for division.

B4.2-1

35
Q

What are the 6 phases of mitosis?

E16.4.2-4

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

36
Q

what are the Products of Mitosis?

in the cell cycle

b4.2-1

A

creation of 2 identical, somatic,diploid daughter cells

rember ipmatc!!!!!!

37
Q

What chromosome pair determines gender

D4.2-3

A

Chromosome 23

XX - Female, XY = Male

38
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A7 4.2-1

A

DNA Polymerase read through both strands of DNA to create 2 copies of DNA. Happens during S phase.

A7 4.2-7

39
Q

What is a Frameshift mutation?

C:6 2

A

Insertions or deletions of DNA bases that alters the reading frame of the genetic message.

40
Q

What is a silent mutation

C4.2-2

A

A change in DNA sequence, but doesn’t change amino acid.

41
Q

In which stage do the chromosomes split and move to the “poles” or opposite sides.

D4.2-4

A

Anaphase

Remember IPM A TC

42
Q

When your chromosomes reach the “poles”, opposite sides, and the nuclear membrane forms in the slightly formed new cells, what phase of mitosis is it.

D4.2-4

A

Telophase

Remember IPMA T C

43
Q

what happens during crossover in Meiosis

fixed by Mr. B

E 15

A

Homologous chromosomes “hold hands” and exchange alleles with one another

Happens during Prophase I

E 15

44
Q

What are the gametes for males vs. females

Fixed by Mr. B

A 4.3-1

A

Male = Sperm, Females = Egg

both are haploid

A 4.3-1

45
Q

How are haploid gametes made?

A4.3-1

A

haploid gametes are made through Meiosis

Whereas somatic cellls divide and reproduce during mitosis

46
Q

What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid.

A

A haploid cell has only 1 set of chromosones and a diploid cell has 2 sets of chromosomes

haploid (n)= 23 chromosomes, diploid (2n) = 46 chromosomes

47
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

b4.3-3

A

The sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate similar to mitosis.

Remember, metaphase I is different though because X-shaped chromosomes line up next to eachother vs. over top of eachother like in Metaphase II or Mitosis’ metaphase

48
Q

What is the order of stages for cell division everytime in Mitosis and Meiosis?

D 4.3-2

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

IPMATC

49
Q

What is the difference between telophase and cytokinesis in mitosis and telophase I and cytokinesis in mieosis I.

D4.3-2

A

Telophase and Cytokinisis in Mitosis split into 2 diploid daughter cells, while Telophase I and Cytokinisis in Mieosis I turns into 2 haploid daughter cells.

Telophase II and Cytokinesis in Meiosis II results in 4 haploid gametes

50
Q

Explain Asexual reproduction

Fixed by Mr. B

A7 4.3-1

A

When an organism reproduces an exact copy of itself without sexual intercourse with another organism/partner in the same species. Leads to a lack of genetic diversity.

Happens in bacteria, certain plants, and many more

A7 4.3-7

51
Q

what is the main differences between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 products?

b4.3-3

A

meiosis 1 it starts with 1 diploid cell but ends with 2 haploid cells, meiosis 2 starts with 2 haploid cells and ends up with 4 haploid gametes

52
Q

Whats happens in S phase?

C4. 3-2

A

Chromosomes are duplicated during interphase. The resulting sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.

53
Q

Fertilization happens when male and female gametes fuse. What is the end product of this fusion called?

A 4.3-1

A

A Zygote

The very first diploid cell that the rest of the organism grows from

A 4.3-1

2nd Period, Life Sciences Honors (8 decks)

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