Exam 4 Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Abduction
A
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
2
Q
Accommodation (Vision)
A
The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
3
Q
Adduction
A
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
4
Q
Allograft
A
A tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient who is not genetically identical.
5
Q
Amenorrhea
A
The absence of menstruation, often a sign of hormonal imbalance or other medical conditions.
6
Q
Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)
A
A hormonal therapy used to treat prostate cancer by reducing the levels of male hormones (androgens), such as testosterone, in the body.
7
Q
Anisocoria
A
Unequal pupil sizes.
8
Q
Ankylosis
A
The stiffening or fusion of a joint.
9
Q
Aqueous Humor
A
The clear fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye, providing nourishment to nonvascular structures.
10
Q
Arthrocentesis
A
A procedure involving the aspiration of fluid from a joint using a needle.
11
Q
Arthroplasty
A
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint to relieve pain, improve range of motion, or correct deformity.
12
Q
Arthroscopy
A
A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a small camera and instruments are inserted into a joint to visualize and treat problems.
13
Q
Astigmatism
A
A refractive error caused by an irregularly shaped cornea or lens, resulting in blurred vision at all distances.
14
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, potentially increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
15
Q
Atrophy
A
A wasting away or decrease in size of a body part or tissue, often due to lack of use, hormonal changes, or disease (e.g., muscle wasting).
16
Q
Audiometry
A
A diagnostic test used to measure hearing acuity at different frequencies and intensities.
17
Q
Autograft
A
A tissue, bone, or organ transplanted from one part of the patient’s body to another part.
18
Q
Axillary Tail of Spence
A
An extension of breast tissue that reaches into the axilla (armpit), a common site for breast cancer development.
19
Q
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
A
A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, common in aging men, which can cause urinary obstruction.
20
Q
Bimanual Technique
A
A method used during pelvic examination where the examiner uses two hands, one inside the vagina and the other on the abdomen, to palpate the internal pelvic organs.
21
Q
Blepharitis
A
Inflammation of the eyelid margins.
22
Q
Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
A
A measure of the mineral content of bone tissue, used to assess bone strength and diagnose osteoporosis.
23
Q
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)
A
A group of growth factors that stimulate bone and cartilage formation.
24
Q
Bone Remodeling
A
The continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
25
Brachytherapy
A type of radiation therapy where radioactive sources (seeds or wires) are placed directly inside or near the tumor.
26
Bursae
Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles near joints.
27
Callus
New bone tissue formed during the healing of a fracture.
28
Cartilage
Smooth, elastic connective tissue that cushions joints and allows for smooth movement.
29
Cataract
Clouding of the eye's lens.
30
Closed Fracture
A fracture where the skin remains intact.
31
Cochlear Implant
A surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to individuals with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss.
32
Colposcopy
A medical procedure in which a magnifying instrument (colposcope) is used to visually examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva.
33
Comminuted Fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken into multiple fragments. (2+)
34
Compartment Syndrome
A condition of increased pressure within a muscle compartment that can compromise circulation and nerve function.
35
Conductive Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by problems in the outer or middle ear that prevent sound waves from reaching the inner ear.
36
Conization
A surgical procedure that involves the removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix, often done to remove precancerous or cancerous cells.
37
Consolidation
The stage of fracture healing when the callus is replaced by mature bone.
38
Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI)
A procedure used after some urological surgeries, such as TURP, to flush the bladder and prevent blood clots from obstructing the urinary catheter.
39
Cornea
The transparent outer layer of the eye that refracts light.
40
Crepitus
A grating, crackling, or popping sound or sensation that may occur when fractured bone ends rub together or with joint movement.
41
Cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas)
A pouch of peritoneum between the rectum and the uterus (or vagina).
42
Debridement
The surgical removal of foreign material, dead tissue, or debris from a wound or joint.
43
Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)
Age-related deterioration of the intervertebral discs, leading to loss of fluid, elasticity, and shock-absorbing capacity.
44
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
A physical examination in which a healthcare provider inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to palpate the prostate gland for abnormalities.
45
Diplopia
Double vision.
46
Disarticulation
Amputation through a joint.
47
Disuse Syndrome
A constellation of signs and symptoms (e.g., muscle atrophy, weakness) resulting from inactivity or immobilization.
48
Dorsiflexion
Bending the foot or toes upward.
49
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
A diagnostic test that measures bone mineral density to assess fracture risk and diagnose osteoporosis.
50
Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse.
51
Dyspepsia
Indigestion or upset stomach.
52
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination
53
Ectropion
Outward turning or drooping of the eyelid margin.
54
Ejaculatory Duct
A duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; it passes through the prostate gland to empty into the urethra.
55
Electromyogram (EMG)
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles and nerves.
56
Endolymph
The fluid-filled membranous labyrinth within the inner ear.
57
Endometriosis
A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus.
58
Enucleation
Surgical removal of the entire eyeball.
59
Epididymis
A coiled tube located on the back of the testicle that stores and matures sperm.
60
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
The inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual activity. Also known as impotence.
61
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to direct high-energy rays at the cancer from outside the body.
62
External Fixation
A surgical procedure where pins or screws are inserted into the fractured bone and connected to a stabilizing frame outside the body.
63
Fascia
Sheets of connective tissue that surround and separate muscles and organs.
64
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
A serious complication of fractures where fat globules are released from the bone marrow and travel through the bloodstream, potentially causing lung and brain dysfunction.
65
Fracture Hematoma
A mass of clotted blood that forms at the site of a fracture during the initial stages of healing.
66
Fundus (of the Uterus)
The upper, rounded part of the uterus.
67
Gerontologic
Relating to the study of aging and the health problems of older adults.
68
Glaucoma
A group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve atrophy, and peripheral vision loss.
69
Greenstick Fracture
An incomplete fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent; common in children.
70
Hematospermia
The presence of blood in the semen.
71
Hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine.
72
Herniated Disc
A condition where the soft, gel-like nucleus of an intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures through the outer fibrous ring, potentially compressing nearby nerves.
73
Hertz (Hz)
The unit of measurement for the frequency of sound waves, representing the number of vibrations per second.
74
Hordeolum (Sty)
A small, painful lump on the eyelid caused by a bacterial infection of an oil gland.
75
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Medical treatment that involves replacing hormones that the body is no longer producing, often used to manage menopausal symptoms.
76
Hydrocele
An accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis, the membrane surrounding the testicle.
77
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
A refractive error where near objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear.
78
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.
79
Hypospadias
A congenital condition in males where the opening of the urethra is on the underside (ventral surface) of the penis.
80
Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the uterus.
81
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
An X-ray procedure in which a contrast dye is injected into the uterus and fallopian tubes to visualize their shape and patency.
82
Hysteroscopy
A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) is inserted into the uterus through the vagina and cervix to visualize the inside of the uterus.
83
Immobilization
The act of preventing movement of a fractured or injured body part, often using casts, splints, or traction.
84
Internal Fixation
A surgical procedure that involves surgically realigning fractured bone fragments and securing them in place using devices such as pins, plates, rods, or screws.
85
Intervertebral Disc
A fibrocartilaginous structure located between vertebrae that provides cushioning and flexibility to the spine.
86
Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
The fluid pressure inside the eye.
87
Irregular Bones
Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into the long, short, or flat categories (e.g., vertebrae).
88
Keratitis
Inflammation or infection of the cornea.
89
Keratometry
Measurement of the curvature of the cornea.
90
Kyphosis
An excessive outward curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchback.
91
Lacrimal System
The structures responsible for tear production and drainage.
92
Laparoscopy
A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a small incision is made, and a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) is inserted to visualize the internal organs.
93
Legal Blindness
Best-corrected vision in the better eye of 20/200 or less.
94
Ligaments
Tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints.
95
Long Bones
Bones that are longer than they are wide, consisting of a shaft and two enlarged ends (e.g., femur, humerus).
96
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)
A procedure that uses a thin, electrically charged wire loop to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix.
97
Lordosis
An excessive inward curvature of the lower back.
98
Luteal Phase
The second half of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation.
99
Lymphedema
Swelling, usually in the arm or leg, caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system.
100
Malunion
A fracture that heals in an unsatisfactory position, potentially leading to deformity or functional impairment.
101
Mammography
An X-ray imaging technique used to screen for and diagnose breast cancer. (visualizes the internal structures of the breast)
102
Menarche
The first occurrence of menstruation.
103
Ménière's Disease
A progressive inner ear disorder characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
104
Menopause
The physiologic cessation of menstruation associated with declining ovarian function, diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhea, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55.
105
Metamorphopsia
Visual distortion where straight lines appear wavy or distorted, often associated with macular degeneration.
106
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to distant parts of the body.
107
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
A refractive error where distant objects appear blurry while near objects are clear.
108
Neuropathy
Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.
109
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night.
110
Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT)
Erections that occur during sleep, used in diagnostic testing for erectile dysfunction.
111
Nonunion
A fracture that fails to heal despite appropriate treatment.
112
Nulliparity
The condition of having never given birth.
113
Nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid eye movements.
114
Objective Data
Measurable and observable information obtained during a physical examination or diagnostic tests.
115
Oblique Fracture
A fracture where the fracture line extends across and down the bone at an angle.
116
Oliguria
Abnormally small production of urine.
117
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
118
Open Fracture
A fracture where the skin is broken, exposing the bone to the external environment; also known as a compound fracture.
119
Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)
A surgical procedure involving the incision and direct visualization of the fracture site (open reduction) followed by the placement of internal fixation devices to stabilize the bone fragments.
120
Ophthalmoscopy
Examination of the interior structures of the eye, such as the retina and optic disc.
121
Orbital Trauma
Injury to the structures surrounding the eye.
122
Orchitis
Inflammation of one or both testicles, usually caused by infection.
123
Ossification
The process of bone formation.
124
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells.
125
Osteoclasts
Bone cells involved in bone resorption (breakdown).
126
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells.
127
Osteophytes
Bone spurs; abnormal bony outgrowths that can occur in joints affected by arthritis.
128
Osteoporosis
A chronic, progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures, typically as a result of hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
129
Otitis Media
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear.
130
Otosclerosis
A hereditary disease causing abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, resulting in conductive hearing loss.
131
Pallor
Paleness of the skin, often indicating reduced blood flow.
132
Papanicolaou (Pap) Test
A screening test for cervical cancer that involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope.
133
Paralysis
Loss of the ability to move a body part.
134
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling, or prickling.
135
Pathologic Fracture
A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease or a tumor.
136
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections.
137
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
A condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart and brain, often causing reduced blood flow to the limbs.
138
PERRLA
An acronym used to document normal findings of a pupil function assessment: Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation.
139
Peyronie's Disease
An acquired, benign condition characterized by the development of fibrous scar tissue (plaques) in the penis, causing curvature during erection.
140
Phantom Limb Pain
Pain felt in the area of an amputated limb.
141
Phantom Limb
The sensation that an amputated limb is still present.
142
Phimosis
A condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis.
143
Plantar Flexion
Bending the foot or toes downward.
144
Presbycusis
Age-related hearing loss, typically affecting high frequencies.
145
Presbyopia
Age-related difficulty focusing on near objects due to loss of lens flexibility.
146
Priapism
A prolonged and painful erection that is not associated with sexual arousal.
147
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces backward or downward.
148
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
A protein produced by the prostate gland; elevated levels in the blood may indicate prostate cancer, BPH, or prostatitis.
149
Prostatectomy
Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland.
150
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic and have infectious or non-infectious causes.
151
Ptosis
Drooping of the upper eyelid.
152
Pulselessness
Absence of a palpable pulse, indicating impaired blood flow.
153
Pupil
The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
154
Reduction (Fracture)
The process of restoring fractured bone fragments to their anatomical alignment. This can be closed (non-surgical manipulation) or open (surgical).
155
Refractive Error
A condition where the eye does not focus light properly on the retina, leading to blurred vision (e.g., myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism).
156
Remodeling
The final stage of bone healing where the new bone is reshaped and strengthened according to the mechanical stresses placed upon it.
157
Retina
The innermost layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light.
158
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium.
159
Retrograde Ejaculation
A condition where semen travels backward into the bladder instead of being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation.
160
Scoliosis
A lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
161
Scotoma
A blind spot in the visual field.
162
Scrotum
The external sac of skin that contains the testes.
163
Semen
The fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated from the penis.
164
Seminal Vesicles
Two small glands located behind the bladder that secrete fluid contributing to semen.
165
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain.
166
Sesamoid Bones
Small, round bones embedded within tendons near joints (e.g., patella).
167
Short Bones
Bones that are roughly cube-shaped, with similar width and length (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
168
Sildenafil (Viagra)
An oral medication used to treat erectile dysfunction.
169
Skeletal Traction
Traction applied directly to the skeletal system by inserting pins, wires, or screws through the bone.
170
Skin Traction
Traction applied indirectly to the skeletal system by attaching adhesive straps or boots to the skin.
171
Speculum
A medical instrument used to widen the opening of a body cavity, such as the vagina, to allow for visual examination.
172
Spinal Fusion
A surgical procedure to permanently connect two or more vertebrae in the spine, eliminating motion between them.
173
Spiral Fracture
A fracture where the fracture line spirals around the bone shaft.
174
Straight-Leg-Raising Test
A physical examination maneuver used to assess for lumbar nerve root irritation.
175
Stress Fracture
A small crack in a bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.
176
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forward or upward.
177
Syme's Amputation
A specific type of disarticulation at the ankle.
178
Tendons
Tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone, transmitting the force of muscle contraction to produce movement.
179
Testicular Torsion
A surgical emergency caused by the twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off blood supply to the testicle.
180
Tinnitus
The perception of sound (e.g., ringing, buzzing) that originates in the head.
181
Tonometry
Measurement of intraocular pressure.
182
Total Hip Replacement (THR)
A surgical procedure to replace a damaged hip joint with artificial components.
183
Traction
The application of a pulling force to a part of the body to reduce muscle spasms, align and immobilize fractures, or reduce deformity.
184
Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
An imaging technique used to visualize the prostate gland by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum. Often used to guide biopsies.
185
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
A surgical procedure used to treat BPH by removing excess prostate tissue through the urethra using a resectoscope.
186
Transverse Fracture
A fracture where the fracture line extends straight across the bone shaft at a right angle to the longitudinal axis.
187
Tuning Fork Test
A test used to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
188
Tympanometry
A diagnostic test that measures the movement of the eardrum in response to changes in air pressure.
189
Urethral Stricture
A narrowing of the urethra, which can restrict urine flow.
190
Uveal Tract
The middle layer of the eye, consisting of the iris, choroid, and ciliary body.
191
Varicocele
An enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, often described as feeling like a bag of worms.
192
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
193
Vasectomy
A surgical procedure for male sterilization that involves cutting or blocking the vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the semen.
194
Vasovasotomy
A surgical procedure to reverse a vasectomy by reconnecting the cut ends of the vas deferens.
195
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
A condition where a blood clot forms in a vein, which can include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
196
Vertigo
A sensation of spinning or dizziness.
197
Visual Acuity
The sharpness and clarity of vision, typically measured using a Snellen chart.
198
Vulva
The external female genitalia, including the labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris.
