Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Basic Nursing Concepts NUR 120 > Exam 3 (Ch. 27, 28, 29, & 30) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Ch. 27, 28, 29, & 30) Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is pulse oximetry (Pulse Ox)?
What does it measure?

A

A noninvasive method to monitor the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood (SpO2).
Provides a quick and easy way to assess oxygenation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a sputum culture?
What does it help diagnose?

A

A laboratory test to identify the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in a sample of sputum (phlegm) coughed up from the lungs.
Helps diagnose respiratory infections and guide antibiotic treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What does an allergy skin test identify?
What is a TB skin test (PPD) used for?

A

Allergies: Skin tests can identify allergens that trigger respiratory symptoms, such as asthma or allergic rhinitis.
Tuberculosis (TB): The tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to detect latent TB infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a lung biopsy?
What does it help diagnose?

A

A procedure to obtain a tissue sample from the lung for examination under a microscope.
Helps diagnose lung cancer, infections, and other lung diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a capnography?
What does it measure?

A

CO2 Monitoring
Measures the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled breath.
Provides information about ventilation and gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What do arterial or mixed venous blood gas analysis measure?
What kind of assessment do they provide?

A

Arterial or Mixed Venous: Measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in arterial or mixed venous blood.
Provides a comprehensive assessment of respiratory and metabolic function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a bronchoscopy?
What is it used to diagnose?

A

A procedure that involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the airways to visualize the lungs and collect samples.
Used to diagnose and treat various lung conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a pulmonary function test?
What does it assess?

A

A group of tests that measure lung volume, capacity, and flow rates.
Helps assess lung function and diagnose respiratory diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diagnostic Tests

What is a thoracentesis?
What does it help diagnose?

A

A procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space (the space between the lungs and chest wall).
Helps diagnose and treat pleural effusions (fluid buildup) or pneumothorax (air in the pleural space).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Risk Factors, Symptoms & Diagnosis

What is a V/Q scan?

A

(Ventilation/Perfusion Scan):
Used if the patient cannot have contrast dye (e.g., due to kidney problems).
Assesses airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risk Factors, Symptoms & Diagnosis

What is a CT Angiography?

A

A specialized type of computed tomography (CT) scan used to visualize blood vessels throughout the body
- Uses intravenous (IV) contrast dye to visualize blood vessels in the lungs.

Considered the gold standard for diagnosing PE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Detection of Head/Neck Cancer

What diagnostic tools are used for head/neck cancer?

A

Direct Visualization: Using techniques like laryngoscopy or endoscopy to directly visualize the larynx and other areas of the head and neck.
Chest X-Ray: To check for lung involvement or metastasis.
Biopsy: Taking a tissue sample for microscopic examination to confirm the diagnosis of cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment & Management

What diagnostic tools are used for lung cancer?

A

Chest X-ray: Initial imaging to identify potential lung abnormalities.
CT Guided Biopsy: Obtaining a tissue sample for microscopic examination under CT guidance to confirm the diagnosis.
Bronchoscopy: Visual examination of the airways and collection of tissue or fluid samples.

Importance of Diagnosis: Diagnosis is necessary for appropriate staging and treatment planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nursing management of TB

For patients discharged with TB, what should be included in their discharge education?

A

Avoid Heavily Populated Areas: Instruct patients to avoid crowded places.
Wear Mask in Public: Advise patients to wear a mask when in public.
Use Kleenex for Cough/Sneeze: Teach patients to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing.
Sleep Alone: Recommend that patients sleep alone to minimize the risk of transmission to family members.

Pt. should also avoid the very young/old & pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pneumonia

What is Pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (the functional tissue of the lung) caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Still associated with significant morbidity (illness) and mortality (death).
8th leading cause of death in the US (CDC).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pneumonia

What are the classifications of pneumonia?

A

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside of a hospital or healthcare setting.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): Acquired during a hospital stay.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): Acquired by patients on mechanical ventilators.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pneumonia

What scale is used to assess the severity of pneumonia?

A

CURB-65 Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pneumonia

What is one of the biggest complications when it comes to treating pneumonia?

A

Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens:
* MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
* Gram-negative bacilli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Medical Management

How is the antibiotic used for pneumonia treatment determined?

A

Based on culture and sensitivity results to target the specific pathogen causing the infection.

Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.
Antibiotics may be used if a secondary bacterial infection develops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Medical Management

What are some supportive pneumonia treatments?

A

Fluids: To maintain hydration.
Oxygen for Hypoxia: To address low oxygen levels.
Antipyretics: To reduce fever.
Antitussives: To suppress cough.
Decongestants: To relieve nasal congestion.
Antihistamines: To alleviate allergy symptoms.
Balance Rest with Activity: To promote recovery without overexertion.
VTE Prophylaxis: To prevent venous thromboembolism (blood clots).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prevention

What is the primary prevention of pneumonia?

other than avoiding the those with pneumonia

A

Pneumococcal vaccination
- Reduces the incidence of pneumonia, hospitalizations for cardiac conditions, and deaths in the older adult population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prevention

Who are the pneumococcal vaccines recommended for?

A

Recommended for all adults 65 years of age or older and 19 years or older with conditions that weaken the immune system.

There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chest Tube Dislodgement

What actions should be taken when a patient’s chest tube becomes dislodged?

A dislodged chest tube is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention.

A
  1. Immediately cover the insertion site with a sterile occlusive dressing (such as petroleum gauze) to prevent air from entering the pleural space. If sterile petroleum gauze is not immediately available, use any clean dry gauze and cover with tape.
  2. Secure the Dressing: Tape the dressing securely on three sides, creating a “flutter valve” effect. This allows air to escape but prevents it from re-entering.
  3. Notify the Physician, Immediately.
  4. Closely monitor the patient’s respiratory status, including oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and breath sounds.
  5. Be prepared to assist with the reinsertion of a new chest tube.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Crackles in Lungs - Pharmacology

What are crackles (rales)?

A

Abnormal lung sounds that indicate fluid in the alveoli or small airways.
They are often associated with conditions like pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and heart failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
# Crackles in Lungs - Pharmacology What are some pharmacological interventions for crackles?
* Diuretics (e.g., furosemide): Used to remove excess fluid from the body, including the lungs. * Effective in treating pulmonary edema caused by heart failure. * Antibiotics: Used to treat pneumonia caused by bacterial infections. * Oxygen Therapy: To improve oxygenation in patients with respiratory distress. * Bronchodilators: These may be used if the crackles are accompanied by bronchospasm. * Cardiac Medications: If the crackles are caused by heart failure medications to improve heart function are needed.
26
# Bronchodilators What do bronchodilators do?
Relax the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to bronchodilation (widening of the airways).
27
# Bronchodilators What are some examples of Bronchodilators?
Beta-2 Agonists (e.g., albuterol, salmeterol): * Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs) like albuterol are used for acute bronchospasm. * Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) like salmeterol are used for long-term control of asthma and COPD. Anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium, tiotropium): * Block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation. * Often used in combination with beta-2 agonists for COPD. Methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline): * Less commonly used due to their narrow therapeutic index and potential for side effects.
28
# Oxygen delivery devices What are low-flow systems? Examples?
Systems that deliver oxygen at a flow rate that is less than the patient's inspiratory flow, so room air is mixed with the supplemental oxygen. Examples: Nasal Cannula: * Flow rate: 1-6 L/min. * FiO2: 24-44%. Simple Face Mask: * Flow rate: 5-10 L/min. * FiO2: 35-55%. Oxygen Reservoir Masks (Partial Rebreather and Non-Rebreather): * Flow rate: 6-11 L/min. * FiO2: 40-70%. Non-Rebreather: * Flow rate: 10-15 L/min. * FiO2: 60-90%.
29
# Oxygen delivery devices What are high-flow systems? Examples?
These systems deliver oxygen at a flow rate that meets or exceeds the patient's inspiratory flow, providing a more precise FiO2. Examples: Venturi Mask: * Uses a Venturi principle to deliver a precise FiO2. * Different color-coded adapters are used to deliver different FiO2 levels. * Flow rates and FiO2 vary depending on the adapter. High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC): * Delivers heated and humidified oxygen at high flow rates through a nasal cannula. * Flow rates: up to 60 L/min. * FiO2: up to 100%. Aerosol Mask/Face Tent/Tracheostomy Collar: * These devices deliver humidified oxygen. * Used for patients with tracheostomies or those who require high humidity. * FiO2 is controlled by the flow meter and oxygen source.
30
# Oxygen Safety What are some key aspects of oxygen safety?
No smoking or open flames should be allowed in the vicinity of oxygen use. Equipment Safety: Ensure that oxygen equipment is in good working order and properly maintained. Use appropriate flow rates and delivery devices as prescribed. Instruct patients to avoid using flammable materials near oxygen. Storage: Store oxygen tanks upright and secured to prevent falls in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat sources. Electrical Safety: Ensure all electrical equipment is properly grounded to prevent sparks. Do not use electrical equipment with frayed cords or damaged plugs. Post "No Smoking" signs in areas where oxygen is in use.
31
# Pneumothorax What is a Pneumothorax?
Air that has entered the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the chest wall).
32
# Pneumothorax What are the types of Pneumothoraxes?
Types: Open: Air enters the pleural space through an opening in the chest wall. Closed: Air enters the pleural space from within the lung or airway. Spontaneous: Occurs without an apparent cause. Iatrogenic: Caused by a medical procedure. Tension: A life-threatening condition where air accumulates in the pleural space and cannot escape, leading to increased pressure and compression of the heart and other organs. ## Footnote Diagnosis: Based on the situation (cause), symptoms, and chest X-ray (if time allows).
33
# Pneumothorax What are some symptoms of Pneumothorax?
Symptoms: Dyspnea (shortness of breath). Mild tachycardia (rapid heart rate). Air hunger. Respiratory distress. O2 desaturation (low oxygen levels). Absent breath sounds over the affected area. Mediastinal shift towards the unaffected side (in tension pneumothorax).
34
# Pneumothorax What treatments are used for Pneumothorax?
Treatment: Supportive Care: May be sufficient for small pneumothoraces with minimal symptoms. Chest Tube: Insertion of a chest tube to remove air from the pleural space and allow the lung to re-expand.
35
# Thoracentesis What is a Thoracentesis?
A procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall).  
36
# Thoracentesis What is the purpose of a thoracentesis? | 2
Diagnostic: To obtain a sample of pleural fluid for analysis to diagnose the cause of the effusion (fluid buildup).   Therapeutic: To remove excess fluid or air and relieve symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain.  
37
# Thoracentesis How is a thoracentesis performed?
A needle is inserted through the chest wall into the pleural space under local anesthesia.   Fluid or air is withdrawn using a syringe or drainage system.
38
# Thoracentesis What are some nursing considerations before, during, & after a thoracentesis?
Pre-Procedure: * Obtain informed consent.   * Explain the procedure to the patient. * Assess vital signs and respiratory status.   * Position the patient appropriately (usually sitting upright, leaning forward).   During Procedure: * Monitor vital signs and respiratory status.   * Provide emotional support to the patient. * Assist the physician as needed.   Post-Procedure: * Monitor vital signs and respiratory status.   * Assess for complications such as bleeding, pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), or infection.   * Apply a sterile dressing to the puncture site. * Send the fluid sample for laboratory analysis.   * Document the procedure and patient's response.
39
# Thoracentesis What are some potential complications of thoracentesis?
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)   Bleeding   Infection   Pain   Cough  
40
# Thoracentesis What is some pt. education for thoracentesis?
Explain the procedure and its purpose. Instruct the patient about post-procedure care, including monitoring for complications and activity restrictions.   Answer any questions the patient may have.
41
# Tracheostomy What is a tracheostomy?
Surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is made in the trachea. Tracheostomy Tube: The indwelling tube inserted into the trachea is called a tracheostomy tube | Cuffed and uncuffed
42
# Tracheostomy What are some potential complications for tracheostomies?
* Air leak * Airway obstruction * Altered body image * Aspiration * Bleeding * Fistula formation * Impaired cough * Infection * Subcutaneous emphysema * Tracheal necrosis * Tracheal stenosis * Tube displacement
43
# Terminology Adventitious Breath Sounds
Abnormal sounds heard during breathing, such as crackles, wheezes, or rhonchi.
44
# Terminology Chemoreceptor
Sensory receptors that respond to changes in chemical concentrations, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
45
# Terminology Compliance
The ease with which the lungs and chest wall expand.
46
# Terminology Crackles (Rales)
Discontinuous, popping lung sounds heard on auscultation, often indicating fluid in the alveoli.
47
# Terminology Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
48
# Terminology Fremitus
Vibrations felt on the chest wall during palpation.
49
# Terminology Mechanical Receptors
Sensory receptors in the lungs and airways that respond to changes in lung volume and stretch.
50
# Terminology Oximetry
Measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood using a pulse oximeter.
51
# Terminology Oxygenation
The process of delivering oxygen to the blood.
52
# Terminology Resistance
Opposition to airflow in the airways.
53
# Terminology Surfactant
A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.
54
# Terminology Tidal Volume (VT)
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
55
# Terminology Ventilation
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
56
# Terminology Wheezes
High-pitched, whistling lung sounds heard on auscultation, often indicating airway narrowing.
57
# Terminology Assist-Control (AC) Ventilation
A mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator delivers a set tidal volume or pressure with each breath, whether initiated by the patient or the ventilator.
58
# Terminology Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
A form of noninvasive ventilation that delivers constant positive pressure to keep the airways open.
59
# Terminology Decannulation
Removal of a tracheostomy tube.
60
# Terminology Endotracheal (ET) Tube
A tube inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose to provide an airway.
61
# Terminology Extubation
Removal of an endotracheal tube.
62
# Terminology Intubation
Insertion of an endotracheal tube.
63
# Terminology Mechanical Ventilation
Use of a machine to assist or control breathing.
64
# Terminology Negative Pressure Ventilation
A form of mechanical ventilation that applies negative pressure to the chest wall to expand the lungs.
65
# Terminology Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV)
Delivery of ventilatory support without an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy.
66
# Terminology Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
A mode of mechanical ventilation that maintains positive pressure in the airways at the end of exhalation.
67
# Terminology Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)
A form of mechanical ventilation that delivers positive pressure to inflate the lungs.
68
# Terminology Pressure Control (PC) Ventilation
A mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator delivers a set pressure with each breath.
69
# Terminology Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)
A mode of mechanical ventilation that provides positive pressure during spontaneous breaths to reduce the work of breathing.
70
# Terminology Pressure Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation that delivers a set pressure.
71
# Terminology Pursed-Lip Breathing (PLB)
A breathing technique that involves inhaling through the nose and exhaling through pursed lips to improve ventilation.
72
# Terminology Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV)
A mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator delivers a set number of breaths, synchronized with the patient's spontaneous breaths.
73
# Terminology Thoracotomy
A surgical incision into the chest wall.
74
# Terminology Tracheostomy
A surgical opening in the trachea to provide an airway.
75
# Terminology Volume Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation that delivers a set tidal volume.
76
# Terminology Weaning
The process of gradually discontinuing mechanical ventilation.
77
# Terminology Acute Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx (voice box).
78
# Terminology Airway Obstruction
Blockage of the airway.
79
# Terminology Allergic Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes due to allergies.
80
# Terminology Epistaxis
Nosebleed.
81
# Terminology Influenza
A viral respiratory infection.
82
# Terminology Laryngectomy
Surgical removal of the larynx.
83
# Terminology Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx (throat).
84
# Terminology Rhinoplasty
Surgical repair of the nose.
85
# Terminology Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses.
86
# Terminology Upper Respiratory Infections
Infections of the nose, sinuses, and throat.
87
# Terminology Acute Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi (airways).
88
# Terminology Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital or healthcare setting.
89
# Terminology Cor Pulmonale
Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension.
90
# Terminology Empyema
Accumulation of pus in the pleural space.
91
# Terminology Flail Chest
A condition in which multiple rib fractures cause a segment of the chest wall to move paradoxically with breathing.
92
# Terminology Hemothorax
Accumulation of blood in the pleural space.
93
# Terminology Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
Pneumonia acquired during a hospital stay.
94
# Terminology Lung Abscess
A localized area of pus and infected tissue in the lung.
95
# Terminology Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
A highly contagious respiratory infection.
96
# Terminology Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
97
# Terminology Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
Inflammation of the pleura.
98
# Terminology Pneumoconiosis
A lung disease caused by inhalation of dust.
99
# Terminology Pneumonia
Infection of the lungs.
100
# Terminology Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space.
101
# Terminology Pulmonary Edema
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
102
# Terminology Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Blockage of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot or other substance.
103
# Terminology Pulmonary Hypertension
High blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
104
# Terminology Tension Pneumothorax
A life-threatening condition in which air accumulates in the pleural space and cannot escape.
105
# Terminology Tuberculosis (TB)
A contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs.

Basic Nursing Concepts NUR 120 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions