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H.O.E. > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

0
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from midline

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1
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

divided into upper and lower art. contains stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Lower-urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last of large intestine

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2
Q

Adduction

A

movement toward the midline

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3
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

fatty tissue, fat

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4
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

Sensory nerves. carry messages to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joints.

Ex: joints of two pelvic bones

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6
Q

Amount of blood in a human

A

Adult: 4 to 6 quarts

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7
Q

Anatomic position

A

standing forward, hands to side with palms showing

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8
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of a structure of an organism

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9
Q

Anterior

A

before or in front of

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10
Q

Aorta artery

A

largest artery in body. carries blood away from the heart

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11
Q

Aortic valve

A

flap or cusp located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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12
Q

Apnea

A

absence of respiration. temporary cessation of respiration

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13
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

the middle membrane of the meninges.

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14
Q

Arteries

A

blood vessel that carries blood away from heart

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15
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest branch of an artery. vessel that connects artery to capillaries

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16
Q

Axon

A

carries impulses away from the cell body

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17
Q

Basophils

A

type of leukocytes

  • participate in body’s inflammatory response
  • produce histamine
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18
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

upper arm. flexes lower arm and supinates head

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19
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

left atrium and left ventricle

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20
Q

Biology

A

the study of living organisms

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21
Q

Bradycardia

A

a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute

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22
Q

Buccal Cavity

A

the mouth

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23
Q

Capillaries

A

connect arterioles with venules. located to almost every cell in the body. have thin walls with only one layer of cells. allow oxygen and nutrients pass through the walls

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24
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

form the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood

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25
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach

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26
Q

Carotid artery

A

at the neck on either side of the trachea

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27
Q

Cataract

A

when clear lens becomes cloudy or opaque. occurs gradually and normally because of old age.

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28
Q

Cellular respirations

A

when the cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide

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29
Q

Centrosome

A

located in the cytoplasm. contains two centrioles.

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30
Q

Cerebellum

A

the section below the back of the cerebrum

responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone

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31
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest and highest section of the brain

responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, speech, posture, and muscle tone

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32
Q

Cervix of uterus

A

the narrow bottom end that attaches to the vagina.

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33
Q

Chromatin

A

located in the nucleus.
made up of DNA
contains the genes

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34
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike projections

trap dust and other particles

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35
Q

Ciliary body

A

COME BACK

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36
Q

Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)

A

transportation system of the body.
contains the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
carries all the oxygen and blood and nutrients to the body and cells

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37
Q

Circumduction

A

moving in a circle at a joint or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary

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38
Q

Cirrhosis

A

chronic destruction of the liver

caused by hepatitis, etc

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39
Q

Clotting proteins

A

COME BACk

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40
Q

Cochlea

A

snail shaped section of inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing

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41
Q

Color of blood

A

COME BACK

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42
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide protection

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43
Q

Connective tissue

A

supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. supports and connects

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44
Q

Contractility

A

come back

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45
Q

Contracture

A

tightening or shortening of a muscle

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46
Q

Cornea

A

circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera

allows light to enter eyes

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47
Q

Coronal plane

A

divides the body into a front and back section

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48
Q

Coronary artery

A

come back

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49
Q

Cranial cavity

A

part of the dorsal cavity

contains the brain

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50
Q

Deltoid

A

shoulder

abducts arm, injection site

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51
Q

Dendrite

A

carries impulses toward the cell body

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52
Q

Diaphysis

A

the middle section of the long bone

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53
Q

Diarthrosis

A

come back

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54
Q

Diastolic

A

pressure that is constant pressure in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is at rest or between contractions

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55
Q

Diencephalon

A

section of brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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56
Q

Digestive System

A

responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be taken into bloodstream

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57
Q

Distal

A

most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or midline

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58
Q

Dorsal

A

pertaining to the back; in back of

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59
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

one long continuous cavity located in the back of the body

two parts: cranial and spinal

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60
Q

Dura mater

A

outer layer of the meninges

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61
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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62
Q

Efferent nerves

A

motor nerves

carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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63
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles.
carry the sperm and fluids (semen) through prostate gland

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64
Q

Elasticity

A

allows the muscles to return to its original shape after it has stretched

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65
Q

Embolus

A

blood clot or mass of material circulating in the blood vessels

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66
Q

Endocrine system

A

consists of a group of ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream

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67
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of tubular structures in cytoplasm
allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus
aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins

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68
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane lining the medullary canal of a bone

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69
Q

Eosinophils

A

remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines

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70
Q

Epididymis

A

tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens

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71
Q

Epiliepsy

A

chronic disease of the nervous system
characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction
accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness

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72
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands and lines the body cavities

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73
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cell

produced in the red marrow

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74
Q

Excitability

A

irritability

the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse

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75
Q

Extensibilty

A

ability to be stretched

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76
Q

Extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones or straightening a body part

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77
Q

External respirations

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream

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78
Q

Factors influencing blood pressure

A

excitement, anxiety, obesity, smoking, position of patient, rest or sleep, depressant drugs, shock, etc

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79
Q

False ribs

A

five ribs after the first seven pairs of ribs (true ribs)

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80
Q

Fascia

A

tough sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue

some muscles attach by

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81
Q

Femoral artery

A

COME BACK

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82
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones or bending a body part

83
Q

Floating ribs

A

the last two pairs of false ribs

no attachment to the front of the body

84
Q

Fontanels

A

area between the cranial bones where the bones have no fused together; “soft spots” in the skull of an infant

85
Q

Frontal plane

A

divides the body into a front and back section

86
Q

Function of bile

A

physically breaks down fats

87
Q

Functions of Thrombocytes

A

important for the clotting process
they stop bleeding
create a sticky plug where a vessel is cut

88
Q

Fundus of uterus

A

the top section

where Fallopian tubes attach

89
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

COME BACK

90
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

butt

extends and rotates thigh, injection site

91
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of membrane in cytoplasm

produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

92
Q

Hard palate

A

bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth

93
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury or stroke

94
Q

Hemoglobin

A

the iron-containing protein of the red blood cells

serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

95
Q

Inferior

A

below or under

96
Q

Insertion

A

end of area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts

97
Q

Integumentary system

A

protects body from injury, infection, and dehydration
helps regulate body temp
eliminates some wastes
produces vitamin D

98
Q

Internal respirations

A

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream

99
Q

Involuntary muscles

A 
cardiac muscle and visceral muscle
function without conscious thought or control
100
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of the eye

keeps the pupil together or

101
Q

Joints

A

areas where two or more bones join together

102
Q

Lateral

A

pertaining to the side

103
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

spine around the chest

extends and adducts upper arm

104
Q

Left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

105
Q

Left Ventricle

A

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells

106
Q

Lens

A

circular structure located behind the pupil and suspended in position by ligaments
refracts (bends) light rays so the ray focus on the retina

107
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

main function is to fight infection

108
Q

Ligament

A

connective tissue bands

help hold bones together at joints

109
Q

Linings of uterus

A

layered with the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

110
Q

Lymphatic system

A

carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood;assists with fighting infection
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland

111
Q

Lymphocytes

A

provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells

112
Q

Lysosome

A

structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cels, bacteria and foreign matter

113
Q

Medial

A

pertaining to the middle or midline

114
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

the lower part of the brainstem

controls vital processes such as respiration and heart beat

115
Q

Medullary cavity

A

cavity in the diaphysis

filled with yellow marrow

116
Q

Meninges

A

three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

Midbrain

A

the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem
responsible conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes

118
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right sections

119
Q

Mitochondria

A

rod shaped organelles in cytoplasm

“powerhouses”-break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce ATP(energy in a cell)

120
Q

Mitral valve

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

allows blood to flow into the aorta and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

121
Q

Muscle tissue

A

body tissue composed of fibers that provide movement

122
Q

Muscle tone

A

the state of partial contraction

state of readiness to act

123
Q

Myelin

A

covers the axons with a lipid fat covering

increases the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axons

124
Q

Neurilemma

A

outermost layer of nerve in the peripheral nerve system

125
Q

Neuron

A

basic structural unit of the nervous system

also called nerve cell

126
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme

127
Q

Nucleous

A

separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucelus and cytoplasm
“brain of the cell”

128
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

sense of smell made possible by these

located on upper part of the nasal cavity

129
Q

Orbital cavity

A

eye cavity

130
Q

Order of large intestine

A

cecum, ileum, COME BACK

131
Q

Organ of Corti

A

cochlea,

receptor of sound waves

132
Q

Organelle

A

cell structures that help a cell to function

133
Q

Origin

A

end or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts

134
Q

Ovaries

A

gonads or sex glands of the female
one on each side of the uterus
secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics

135
Q

Pancreas

A

gland that is dorsal to the stomach

secretes insulin and digestive juices

136
Q

Paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower half of the body

137
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

the cool down of the ANS

slows down heart rate, decreases respiration, blah blah

138
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease process

139
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Upper chest

Adducts and flexes upper arm

140
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

lower abdominal cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last part of large intestine

141
Q

Perineum

A

region between vagina and anus in the female

region between scrotum and anus in male

142
Q

Peripheral pulse sites

A

COME BACK

143
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

also called adenoids

located in the nasopharynx (upper part of throat)

144
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein

145
Q

Physiology

A

study of processes or functions of living organisms

146
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost layer of the meninges

closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue

147
Q

Pinocytic vesicle

A

pocketlike folds in the cell membrane.

allow large molecules (proteins) enter cell

148
Q

Platelets

A

“thrombocytes”
fragments or pieces of cells
important for the clotting process

149
Q

Pleura

A

membranes that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

150
Q

Pons

A

portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain

151
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back; behind

152
Q

Proximal

A

closest to the point of attachment or area of reference

153
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

154
Q

Pupil

A

the opening in the center of the iris

155
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

COME BACK

156
Q

Pyrexia

A

fever

157
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

front of thigh

extends leg, injection site

158
Q

Quadriplegia

A

paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs

159
Q

Rectos abdumonis

A

ribs to pubis(pelvis)

Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column

160
Q

Red marrow

A

soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones

161
Q

Respiratory system

A

consists of lungs and air passages

breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

162
Q

Retina

A

innermost layer of the eye

transmits the light impulses to the optic nerve

163
Q

Right atrium

A

receives blood as it returns from the body cells

164
Q

Right ventricle

A

receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery

165
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A

can lead to stroke, kidney disease, and or heart disease

166
Q

Rotation

A

movement around the central axis; turning

167
Q

Rugae

A

vagina is lined with mucous membrane arranged in folds of rugae
allows vagina to expand during childbirth and intercourse

168
Q

Salivary amylase

A

begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars that can be taken into the body
contained in the saliva

169
Q

Salivary glands

A

produce liquid called saliva

170
Q

Sartorius

A

front of thigh

abducts thigh, flexes leg

171
Q

Sclera

A

whiter outer coat of eye

172
Q

Scrotum

A

sac suspended between thighs. where the testes are located

173
Q

Semicircular canal

A

structures in the inner ear that are involved in maintaing balance and equilibrium

174
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

one of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual, secretes thick, viscous fluid for semen

175
Q

Sinuses

A

cavity in skull that surround the nasal area
connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts
provide resonance for voice

176
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones and causes movement in body

177
Q

Skeletal system

A

creates framework of body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles

178
Q

Smooth muscles

A

found in internal organs
contracts to cause movement in the organs
involuntary muscles

179
Q

Somatic system

A

carries messages between the CNS and the body

180
Q

Spinal cavity

A

contains spinal cord

181
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

side of neck

turns and flexes head

182
Q

Structure of Fallopian tubes

A

IDK

183
Q

Superior

A

above

184
Q

Sympathetic system

A

prepares the body to act by increasing the heart rate and ya

185
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immoveable joint

186
Q

Systolic

A

pressure that occurs in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries

187
Q

Tachycardia

A

pulse rate over 100 beats per minutes

188
Q

Tendon

A

strong tough fibrous connective tissue cords

connects muscles to bone

189
Q

Testis

A

male gonads

190
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

located in the chest and contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood vessels

191
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

COME BACK

192
Q

Thrombocyts

A

platelets, sticky substance that covers break in vessels

193
Q

Thrombophlephitis

A

when a clot forms in a vein

194
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

front of lower leg

flexes and inverts foot

195
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides body into top and bottom half

196
Q

Trapezius

A

upper back and neck

extends head and moves shoulder

197
Q

Triceps brachii

A

upper arm

extends and adducts lower arm

198
Q

Tricuspid valves

A

located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

allows blood flow to lungs and prevents blood from flowing back into right atrium

199
Q

True ribs

A

first seven pairs of ribs

attach directly to the sternum in front of the body

200
Q

Urinary system

A

Filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine

201
Q

Varicose veins

A

dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis or decreased blood flow

202
Q

Vas deferens

A

receives sperm and fluid from the epididymis. acts as passageway and temporary storage area for sperm
cut during vasectomy

203
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

204
Q

Ventral

A

front of the body

H.O.E. (8 decks)

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