Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards
Abduction
movement away from midline
Abdominal Cavity
divided into upper and lower art. contains stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Lower-urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last of large intestine
Adduction
movement toward the midline
Adipose Tissue
fatty tissue, fat
Afferent Nerves
Sensory nerves. carry messages to the brain and spinal cord
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joints.
Ex: joints of two pelvic bones
Amount of blood in a human
Adult: 4 to 6 quarts
Anatomic position
standing forward, hands to side with palms showing
Anatomy
the study of a structure of an organism
Anterior
before or in front of
Aorta artery
largest artery in body. carries blood away from the heart
Aortic valve
flap or cusp located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Apnea
absence of respiration. temporary cessation of respiration
Arachnoid membrane
the middle membrane of the meninges.
Arteries
blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
Arterioles
smallest branch of an artery. vessel that connects artery to capillaries
Axon
carries impulses away from the cell body
Basophils
type of leukocytes
- participate in body’s inflammatory response
- produce histamine
Biceps Brachii
upper arm. flexes lower arm and supinates head
Bicuspid valve
left atrium and left ventricle
Biology
the study of living organisms
Bradycardia
a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute
Buccal Cavity
the mouth
Capillaries
connect arterioles with venules. located to almost every cell in the body. have thin walls with only one layer of cells. allow oxygen and nutrients pass through the walls
Cardiac Muscle
form the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
Cardiac sphincter
the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach
Carotid artery
at the neck on either side of the trachea
Cataract
when clear lens becomes cloudy or opaque. occurs gradually and normally because of old age.
Cellular respirations
when the cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
Centrosome
located in the cytoplasm. contains two centrioles.
Cerebellum
the section below the back of the cerebrum
responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone
Cerebrum
largest and highest section of the brain
responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, speech, posture, and muscle tone
Cervix of uterus
the narrow bottom end that attaches to the vagina.
Chromatin
located in the nucleus.
made up of DNA
contains the genes
Cilia
hairlike projections
trap dust and other particles
Ciliary body
COME BACK
Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)
transportation system of the body.
contains the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
carries all the oxygen and blood and nutrients to the body and cells
Circumduction
moving in a circle at a joint or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary
Cirrhosis
chronic destruction of the liver
caused by hepatitis, etc
Clotting proteins
COME BACk
Cochlea
snail shaped section of inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing
Color of blood
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Conjunctiva
mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide protection
Connective tissue
supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. supports and connects
Contractility
come back
Contracture
tightening or shortening of a muscle
Cornea
circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera
allows light to enter eyes
Coronal plane
divides the body into a front and back section
Coronary artery
come back
Cranial cavity
part of the dorsal cavity
contains the brain
Deltoid
shoulder
abducts arm, injection site
Dendrite
carries impulses toward the cell body
Diaphysis
the middle section of the long bone
Diarthrosis
come back
Diastolic
pressure that is constant pressure in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is at rest or between contractions
Diencephalon
section of brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Digestive System
responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be taken into bloodstream
Distal
most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or midline
Dorsal
pertaining to the back; in back of
Dorsal cavity
one long continuous cavity located in the back of the body
two parts: cranial and spinal
Dura mater
outer layer of the meninges
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
Efferent nerves
motor nerves
carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Ejaculatory ducts
two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles.
carry the sperm and fluids (semen) through prostate gland
Elasticity
allows the muscles to return to its original shape after it has stretched
Embolus
blood clot or mass of material circulating in the blood vessels
Endocrine system
consists of a group of ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream
Endoplasmic reticulum
network of tubular structures in cytoplasm
allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus
aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins
Endosteum
membrane lining the medullary canal of a bone
Eosinophils
remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines
Epididymis
tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens
Epiliepsy
chronic disease of the nervous system
characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction
accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness
Epithelial tissue
tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands and lines the body cavities
Erythrocytes
red blood cell
produced in the red marrow
Excitability
irritability
the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse
Extensibilty
ability to be stretched
Extension
increasing the angle between two bones or straightening a body part
External respirations
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
Factors influencing blood pressure
excitement, anxiety, obesity, smoking, position of patient, rest or sleep, depressant drugs, shock, etc
False ribs
five ribs after the first seven pairs of ribs (true ribs)
Fascia
tough sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue
some muscles attach by
Femoral artery
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Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones or bending a body part
Floating ribs
the last two pairs of false ribs
no attachment to the front of the body
Fontanels
area between the cranial bones where the bones have no fused together; “soft spots” in the skull of an infant
Frontal plane
divides the body into a front and back section
Function of bile
physically breaks down fats
Functions of Thrombocytes
important for the clotting process
they stop bleeding
create a sticky plug where a vessel is cut
Fundus of uterus
the top section
where Fallopian tubes attach
Gastrocnemius
COME BACK
Gluteus maximus
butt
extends and rotates thigh, injection site
Golgi apparatus
stack of membrane in cytoplasm
produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury or stroke
Hemoglobin
the iron-containing protein of the red blood cells
serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
Inferior
below or under
Insertion
end of area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
Integumentary system
protects body from injury, infection, and dehydration
helps regulate body temp
eliminates some wastes
produces vitamin D
Internal respirations
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
Involuntary muscles
cardiac muscle and visceral muscle function without conscious thought or control
Iris
colored portion of the eye
keeps the pupil together or
Joints
areas where two or more bones join together
Lateral
pertaining to the side
Latissimus dorsi
spine around the chest
extends and adducts upper arm
Left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left Ventricle
receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells
Lens
circular structure located behind the pupil and suspended in position by ligaments
refracts (bends) light rays so the ray focus on the retina
Leukocytes
white blood cells
main function is to fight infection
Ligament
connective tissue bands
help hold bones together at joints
Linings of uterus
layered with the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
Lymphatic system
carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood;assists with fighting infection
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland
Lymphocytes
provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells
Lysosome
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cels, bacteria and foreign matter
Medial
pertaining to the middle or midline
Medulla oblongata
the lower part of the brainstem
controls vital processes such as respiration and heart beat
Medullary cavity
cavity in the diaphysis
filled with yellow marrow
Meninges
three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
Midbrain
the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem
responsible conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into left and right sections
Mitochondria
rod shaped organelles in cytoplasm
“powerhouses”-break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce ATP(energy in a cell)
Mitral valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
allows blood to flow into the aorta and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
Muscle tissue
body tissue composed of fibers that provide movement
Muscle tone
the state of partial contraction
state of readiness to act
Myelin
covers the axons with a lipid fat covering
increases the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axons
Neurilemma
outermost layer of nerve in the peripheral nerve system
Neuron
basic structural unit of the nervous system
also called nerve cell
Neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
Nucleous
separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucelus and cytoplasm
“brain of the cell”
Olfactory receptors
sense of smell made possible by these
located on upper part of the nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
eye cavity
Order of large intestine
cecum, ileum, COME BACK
Organ of Corti
cochlea,
receptor of sound waves
Organelle
cell structures that help a cell to function
Origin
end or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts
Ovaries
gonads or sex glands of the female
one on each side of the uterus
secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
Pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach
secretes insulin and digestive juices
Paraplegia
paralysis of lower half of the body
Parasympathetic system
the cool down of the ANS
slows down heart rate, decreases respiration, blah blah
Pathophysiology
study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease process
Pectoralis major
Upper chest
Adducts and flexes upper arm
Pelvic cavity
lower abdominal cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last part of large intestine
Perineum
region between vagina and anus in the female
region between scrotum and anus in male
Peripheral pulse sites
COME BACK
Pharyngeal tonsils
also called adenoids
located in the nasopharynx (upper part of throat)
Phlebitis
inflammation of vein
Physiology
study of processes or functions of living organisms
Pia mater
innermost layer of the meninges
closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue
Pinocytic vesicle
pocketlike folds in the cell membrane.
allow large molecules (proteins) enter cell
Platelets
“thrombocytes”
fragments or pieces of cells
important for the clotting process
Pleura
membranes that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
Pons
portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain
Posterior
toward the back; behind
Proximal
closest to the point of attachment or area of reference
Pulmonary valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pupil
the opening in the center of the iris
Pyloric sphincter
COME BACK
Pyrexia
fever
Quadriceps femoris
front of thigh
extends leg, injection site
Quadriplegia
paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs
Rectos abdumonis
ribs to pubis(pelvis)
Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
Red marrow
soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones
Respiratory system
consists of lungs and air passages
breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Retina
innermost layer of the eye
transmits the light impulses to the optic nerve
Right atrium
receives blood as it returns from the body cells
Right ventricle
receives blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery
Risk factors of hypertension
can lead to stroke, kidney disease, and or heart disease
Rotation
movement around the central axis; turning
Rugae
vagina is lined with mucous membrane arranged in folds of rugae
allows vagina to expand during childbirth and intercourse
Salivary amylase
begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars that can be taken into the body
contained in the saliva
Salivary glands
produce liquid called saliva
Sartorius
front of thigh
abducts thigh, flexes leg
Sclera
whiter outer coat of eye
Scrotum
sac suspended between thighs. where the testes are located
Semicircular canal
structures in the inner ear that are involved in maintaing balance and equilibrium
Seminal vesicles
one of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual, secretes thick, viscous fluid for semen
Sinuses
cavity in skull that surround the nasal area
connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts
provide resonance for voice
Skeletal muscle
attached to bones and causes movement in body
Skeletal system
creates framework of body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles
Smooth muscles
found in internal organs
contracts to cause movement in the organs
involuntary muscles
Somatic system
carries messages between the CNS and the body
Spinal cavity
contains spinal cord
Sternocleidomastoid
side of neck
turns and flexes head
Structure of Fallopian tubes
IDK
Superior
above
Sympathetic system
prepares the body to act by increasing the heart rate and ya
Synarthrosis
immoveable joint
Systolic
pressure that occurs in the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries
Tachycardia
pulse rate over 100 beats per minutes
Tendon
strong tough fibrous connective tissue cords
connects muscles to bone
Testis
male gonads
Thoracic cavity
located in the chest and contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and large blood vessels
Thoracic vertebrae
COME BACK
Thrombocyts
platelets, sticky substance that covers break in vessels
Thrombophlephitis
when a clot forms in a vein
Tibialis anterior
front of lower leg
flexes and inverts foot
Transverse plane
divides body into top and bottom half
Trapezius
upper back and neck
extends head and moves shoulder
Triceps brachii
upper arm
extends and adducts lower arm
Tricuspid valves
located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
allows blood flow to lungs and prevents blood from flowing back into right atrium
True ribs
first seven pairs of ribs
attach directly to the sternum in front of the body
Urinary system
Filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine
Varicose veins
dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis or decreased blood flow
Vas deferens
receives sperm and fluid from the epididymis. acts as passageway and temporary storage area for sperm
cut during vasectomy
Veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Ventral
front of the body
