A&P Notecards Flashcards
What is simple squamos tissue
One layer, flat cells
What is simple cuboidal tissue
Cube shaped, single layer
What is simple columnar tissue
Column shaped, one layer
Where is simple cuboidal tissue
Digestive and duct
Where is simple squamos tissue
Lines the membrane, slick so things can move across
Function of collagen
Tensile strength
Function of elastic tissue
Stretch
Function of Reticular Tissue
Gives support
Function of Muscular Tissue
Movement
What are the components of connective tissue
ground substance, fibers, cells
Tissue damage causes what
inflammation
Types of Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
What is the most abundant cartilage
hyaline
Structural unit of compact bone
osteom or haverisans system
What is the bone tissue that withstands tension
Compact bone
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact and Spongy
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Unlike the others, it is from genetics; cannot protect itself
Osteoarthritis (OA)
General wear and tear on bones
Gouty Arthritis
Uric acid build up
What do cranial bones develop from
Within fibrous connective tissue membrane
Epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line
line forms after plate closes
What is the hormone that influences bone development
Growth hormone
What is the prolactin hormone
produces breast milk
What is the thyroid hormone
controls BMR
What are the parts in the synovial joints
Articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid
Where the is the bursae
Between joints; acts as a cushion to decrease friction
Where is the tendon sheath
around tend, not inside joints, reduces friction
What is the function of synovial fluid
Lubricates the joints
Function of articular cartilage
prevents friction
Where is articular cartilage located
located at the end of the bones
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Protects, supports, and is mineral storage
What is the location osteocytes
Lacunae
What are osteocytes
Mature bone cells
What are osteoblasts
They make up the bone matrix
What are the osteoclasts
They tear down the bone matrix
What are chondrocytes
The produce the cartilage
What are the bursae
Sac-like structures
What is the meniscus
Fibrocartilage discs
What are ligaments
bone to muscle or bone to bone
What are ligaments made of
Fibrous tissues and collagen
What are tendons
Attach muscle to bone
What are tendons made of
STRONG fibrous connective tissue
What the the flagellum
Whip-like motion, hair like
What is the smallest cell
Sperm cell
Where are the flagellum
only move the sperm
What is in the thoracic cavity
heart, lungs, pleural membrane, and great vessels
What is in the cranium cavity
Brain
What is in the dorsal cavity
Spinal cord and brain
Subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavity
What is in the ventral cavity
Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are all a part of this cavity
What is negative feedback
Tries to return the body to homeostasis
Stops the change
What is positive feedback
Builds up what is going wrong in the body; the snowball effect
Examples of positive feedback
Contractions when having a baby
Blood clots
What is survival needs
Need the minimum to survive
The goal of life is to survive
What happens when homeostasis isn’t balanced
Becomes sick
Simple to Complex in the human body
organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the strongest bonds in the body
Covalent
What are the weakest bonds in the body
Hydrogen
What does it mean to synthesize
The production or making of something
What is the longest chain of Sugar
Polysaccharide
What is the most abundant element in the body
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
Makes up 96% of the body
What is the most abundant substance in the human body
Water
What is another name for table sugar
Sucrose which is also called disaccharide
What is an ionic compound
Opposite charges attract; from electrical currents; creates electrolytes or salts
pH Scale is used to measure what
the acidity or basicity of a substance
The pH Scale Range
0-6 Acid
7 Neutral
8-14 Basic
What is an ion
Positive or negative charged substance
What is the common positive ion outside of a cell
Sodium
What is a solution
Dissolved in a liquid
What is a suspension
Sinks in a liquid; blood is an example
What is a colloidal solution
Can’t see through it; example is plasma
What is cytosol
fluid found in a cell; solution is a colloidal solution
What is diffusion
Movement across a membrane from high to low concentrations; no energy needed; goes with the gradient
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water; example is the kidney cells
What is active transport
Energy needed when against the gradient
Cell Junction Type 1
Tight Junctions; keeps things in or out
Cell Junction Type 2:
Desmosis? anchors things; give and take
Cell Junction Type 3
Gap junctions; communication junction; electrical something
Miosis
Divides half of the chromosomes
Mitosis
Copies DNA to get 2 identical daughter cells
What is the make up of plasma membrane
it has 2 layers; contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids
What is a fixator
It is the stabelizer
What is a synergistic
Works with another muscle
What is an antagonist
Works against another muscle
What is an agonist
Also called prime mover; it has a specific movement
What is Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
What is endomyosin
Covers each muscle fiber
What is epimyosin
Covers entire muscle fiber
What is the membrane of muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
What is a myofibril
Muscle fiber; made of actin and myosin
What is the functional unit of muscle fibers
Sacromere
What are the thin filaments
Actin
What are the thick filaments
Myosin
What is the common waste product in the human body
Lactic acid
What happens when stretch muscle too far
Tears, loses all tension
What is the cause of motion sickness
Starts in the inner ear
What are afferent nerves
Sent from receptors to the brain and spinal cord
What are efferent nerves
Sent from brain and spinal cords to the receptor
What are tracts
Ascending Tracts are sensory
Deliver to the brain
Descending Tracts are motor
Deliver to the periphery
What are ganglia
Nerve tissue outside of the CNS
What is phagocytosis
Engulfs the bad cells; white blood cells in the body
What is a graded potential
short lived; gets smaller as it goes
What is an action potential
Occurs in the axons; transmission of impulses
What is the gyri
Ridge on the cerebral cortex
What is the Sheath of Schwann called
Neurolemma
What does the hypothalamus control
body temperature, thirst, hunger
What are peroxisomes
inside cytoplasma and contains catalase enzymes
What are motor nerves
carries impulses to the muscles
What are the functions of the cerebellum
Cognitive functions, motor learning, posture
What are nociceptors
Pain and deep pressure
What are ecriceptors
pain, pressure, and temperature
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex
Problem solving, emotion, complex thought
Order of light passing through the eye
Cornea, Aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
What is the somatic nervous systems roles
Stimulates muscle contraction
What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system
Controls heart rate, blood pressure, stuff we dont think about
What is the role of the hypoglossal nerve
Tongue movement
What is the role of the dendrite
Carries the impulse to the cell body
What is the role of the myelin sheath
Protection of nerve fiber, insulation, rate of neuron conduction
What is found in the cerebral cortex
Gray matter-covers the cerebellum
What is the definition of nissil bodies
Rough ER in neurons-hurts brachial plexus
What is the lateral sulcus
Divides parietal and frontal lobes
What is found in the Volkmann’s canal
lie perpendicular; contain blood vessels to muscles; communicates with Haversians canal