Exam 4 Study Cards (New Info)

Question 1

proximity

Answer 1

geographical nearness.

proximity (more precisely, “functional distance”) powerfully predicts liking.

Question 2

similarity

Answer 2

“likeness begets liking”

“birds of a feather flock together”

Question 3

mere exposure effect

Answer 3

the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

familiarity breeds liking

Question 4

reciprocal liking

Answer 4

we like people who like us

liking begets liking

Question 5

the matching hypothesis

Answer 5

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits

Question 6

equity theory

Answer 6

the theory that people are happiest w/ relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal

Question 7

social exchange theory

Answer 7

people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of :
1. satisfaction: the rewards

2. investment: the costs
   3a. comparison level of current relationship: how well the current relationship matches expectancies
   3b. comparison level of alternatives: chances for having a better relationship w/ someone else

Question 8

attachment theory

Answer 8

a theory about how early attachments w/ caregivers shape our relationships for the remainder of our lives

Question 9

secure attachment

Answer 9

characterized by feelings of security in relationship

individuals are comfy w/ intimacy and desire to be close to others during times of threat and uncertainty

Question 10

anxious attachment

Answer 10

f

Question 11

ambivalent

Answer 11

find out

Question 12

insecure attachment

Answer 12

characterized by a suppression of attachment needs

individuals are prone to exhibit compulsive self-reliance, prefer distance from others, and during conditions of threat and uncertainty are dismissive and detached

Question 13

prosocial behavior

Answer 13

positive, constructive, helpful social behavior

any act performed w/ the goal of benefiting another person

Question 14

kin selection

Answer 14

preferential helping of genetic relatives which facilitates our genetic survival

Question 15

group selection

Answer 15

when groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists

helpful groups survive better than selfish groups

Question 16

evolutionary perspective on helping

Answer 16

if we all help each other, we have more chance of surviving

Question 17

norm of reciprocity

Answer 17

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 18

altruistic help

Answer 18

motivated by the desire to improve another’s welfare

desire to help, even if it involves a cost to the helper

Question 19

egoistic help

Answer 19

motivated to help to increase one’s own welfare

Question 20

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 20

empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping

Question 21

bystander effect

Answer 21

the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

each individual is less likely to help if there are others around

Question 22

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 22

the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they aren’t

Question 23

diffusion of responsibilty

Answer 23

phenomenon whereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the # of witnesses increases

Question 24

false confessions

Answer 24

confessions that may recall false memories/misinformation

compliant confessions: confessions b/c of coercion and/or sleep deprivation

internalized confessions: confessions defendants believed b/c they were fed misinformation

Question 25

inadmissible testimony

Answer 25

when a judge instructs the jurors to disregard inadmissible testimoney

Question 26

eyewitness accuracy

Answer 26

good conditions: 75% accuracy
mod. conditions: 50% accuracy
poor conditions: 35% accuracy

Question 27

reconstructive memory

Answer 27

the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by info encountered after the even occurred

Question 28

misinformation effect

Answer 28

incorporating “misinformation’ into one’s memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Question 29

lineups

Answer 29

a method of IDing a suspect

eyewitness accuracy may be improved if witnesses are shown suspects sequentially, rather than all at once