Exam 3 Study Cards Flashcards
social facilitation (original meaning)
the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
social loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and evaluation of apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.
groupthink
the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group, that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
the desire to be cohesive trumps the desire to be right
group polarization
group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ AVERAGE tendency, not a split w/in the group
stereotypes
beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new info
minimal group paradigm
most well known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups
ingroups
groups in which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
“us”
outgroups
groups w/ with an individual doesn’t feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
“them”
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one’s own group
outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
stereotype threat
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a (negative) cultural stereotype
prejudice
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
discrimination
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
racism (modern/subtle vs overt)
- one’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race
- institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
sexism (modern/subtle vs overt)
- one’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
- institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex
Allport’s Contact Hypothesis
under the right conditions, contact between groups can reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
- equal status contact (groups have to be on equal footing)
- promote cooperation
- personal contact (show that there are similarities)
- normative support (social norms promote/expect intergroup contact)
Jigsaw Classroom
designed to reduce prejudice & raise self esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups & making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material & do well in the class
Aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Hostile Agression
aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure
Instrumental Agression
aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end
culture of honor
the southern and western regions of the US are characterized by a culture in which white males feel that killing is justifiable:
- to protect one’s home & property
- to defend one’s honor after an insult
Frustration aggression theory
frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response
also, frustration and anger coupled with cues from the environment can lead to aggression
the weapons effect
a weapon provides an aggressive cue that increases the probability of the release of pent up aggression and anger
