Exam 3 Study Cards

Question 1

social facilitation (original meaning)

Answer 1

the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present

Question 2

social loafing

Answer 2

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

Question 3

deindividuation

Answer 3

loss of self awareness and evaluation of apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Question 4

groupthink

Answer 4

the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group, that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

the desire to be cohesive trumps the desire to be right

Question 5

group polarization

Answer 5

group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ AVERAGE tendency, not a split w/in the group

Question 6

stereotypes

Answer 6

beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new info

Question 7

minimal group paradigm

Answer 7

most well known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups

Question 8

ingroups

Answer 8

groups in which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

“us”

Question 9

outgroups

Answer 9

groups w/ with an individual doesn’t feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

“them”

Question 10

ingroup bias

Answer 10

the tendency to favor one’s own group

Question 11

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 11

the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Question 12

stereotype threat

Answer 12

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a (negative) cultural stereotype

Question 13

prejudice

Answer 13

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Question 15

racism (modern/subtle vs overt)

Answer 15

1. one’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race
2. institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

Question 16

sexism (modern/subtle vs overt)

Answer 16

1. one’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
2. institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex

Question 17

Allport’s Contact Hypothesis

Answer 17

under the right conditions, contact between groups can reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

1. equal status contact (groups have to be on equal footing)
2. promote cooperation
3. personal contact (show that there are similarities)
4. normative support (social norms promote/expect intergroup contact)

Question 18

Jigsaw Classroom

Answer 18

designed to reduce prejudice & raise self esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups & making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material & do well in the class

Question 19

Aggression

Answer 19

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Question 20

Hostile Agression

Answer 20

aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure

Question 21

Instrumental Agression

Answer 21

aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end

Question 22

culture of honor

Answer 22

the southern and western regions of the US are characterized by a culture in which white males feel that killing is justifiable:

1. to protect one’s home & property
2. to defend one’s honor after an insult

Question 23

Frustration aggression theory

Answer 23

frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

also, frustration and anger coupled with cues from the environment can lead to aggression

Question 24

the weapons effect

Answer 24

a weapon provides an aggressive cue that increases the probability of the release of pent up aggression and anger

Question 25

social learning theory

Answer 25

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished

Question 26

school violence

Answer 26

acts of interpersonal violence that occur within a school community

includes both physical and verbal forms of bullying

Question 27

intimate partner violence

Answer 27

physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current/former partner/spouse

Question 28

catharsis

Answer 28

emotional release. the catharsis view of aggression is that the aggressive drive is reduced when one “releases” aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression

Question 29

social facilitation (current meaning)

Answer 29

the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others