Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Flashcards > Exam 4 Study Cards (Cumulative Info) > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Cards (Cumulative Info) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hindsight bias

A

the “i knew it all along” phenomenon

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

correlational research

A

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

experimental research

A

studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulation one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

independent variable

A

the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

self-esteem

A

a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

secure self-esteem

A

secure high self-esteem is characterized by self-esteem that is positive, both implicitly and explicitly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fragile self-esteem

A

characterized by narcissism, the dependence of high self esteem on desired outcomes, an unwillingness to admit the possession of some negative self-feelings, and the fluctuation of self-worth

in the case of fragile self-esteem, individuals’ positive explicit self-esteem doesn’t match their implicit self-esteem, but rather masks the fact that their implicit self-esteem is not positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

implicit self-esteem

A

our more unconscious, visceral (instinctive), immediate feelings about our self-worth

driven by self-evals that are activated AUTOMATICALLY w/out conscious self reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explicit self-esteem

A

our more conscious reactions and thought processes when evaluating our self worth

kind of linked to self presentation: it’s what we portray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

contingent self-esteem

A

feelings about oneself that are dependent on achieving some standard or living up to certain standards/expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

unstable self-esteem

A

feelings of self-worth fluctuate across time and situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

self-presentation

A

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

terror management theory

A

proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

priming

A

activating particular associations in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

belief perseverance

A

persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

self-esteem

A

a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secure self-esteem

A

secure high self-esteem is characterized by self-esteem that is positive, both implicitly and explicitly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fragile self-esteem

A

characterized by narcissism, the dependence of high self-esteem on desired outcomes, an unwillingness to admit the possession of some negative self-feelings, and the fluctuation of feelings of self worth

in the case of fragile high self-esteem, individual’s positive explicit self-esteem does not match their implicit self-esteem, but rather masks the fact that their implicit self-esteem is not positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

implicit self-esteem

A

our more unconscious, visceral (instinctive), immediate feelings about our self worth

driven by self-evals that are activated AUTOMATICALLY w/out conscious self reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explicit self-esteem

A

our more conscious reactions and thought processes when evaluating our self worth

kind of linked to self presentation: it’s what we portray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

contingent self-esteem

A

feelings about oneself that are dependent on achieving some standard or living up to certain standards/expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

unstable self-esteem

A

feelings of self-worth fluctuate across time and situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

priming

A

activating particular associations in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

belief perseverance

A

persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

availability heuristic

A

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory

if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception of a relationship where non exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory of how people explain others behavior - for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations

33
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behavior (also called correspondence bias b/c we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition)

34
Q

actor/observer bias

A

the tendency to see others’ behavior as caused by disposition but focusing more on the role of situational influences when explaining our own behavior

35
Q

attitudes

A

a negative or favorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one’s beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior)

36
Q

implicit attitudes

A

unconscious evaluation of an object measured by response latency

37
Q

explicit attitudes

A

conscious evaluation of an object measured by self report

38
Q

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions

39
Q

insufficient justification

A

in the absence/insufficiency of external justification for our actions, we look inward and change something about ourselves (attitudes/behaviors) to account for why we acted that way

40
Q

justification of effort

A

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain

41
Q

dissonance reduction strategies

A
  1. change behavior to make it consistent w/ beliefs and/or attitudes
  2. change attitudes/beliefs to fit behavioral outcome
  3. add new cognitions that resolve the discrepancy
    * usually an unconscious process
42
Q

minimal deterrence

A

when individuals lack a sufficient external justification for resisting a desired activity, they may reduce the dissonance by devaluing the forbidden activity/object

43
Q

social norms

A

implicit/explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

44
Q

cultural match

A

someone is culturally matched if they act in accordance with the norms

it feels natural

45
Q

cultural mismatch

A

someone is culturally mismatched if they have difficulty/confusion when navigating socially

what others do naturally feels uncomfortable

46
Q

conformity

A

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

47
Q

informational social influence

A

conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people (usually in an ambiguous situation)

you may really start to believe what the majority believes

48
Q

normative social influence

A

conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance

doesn’t necessarily mean that your implicit behavior/views change based on those expectations

49
Q

obedience

A

acting in accordance with a direct order/command

50
Q

persuasion

A

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

51
Q

central route to persuasion

A

used when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

52
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

describes how people choose to manage info they encounter: central or peripheral route to persuasion

depends on level of interest and motivation

53
Q

foot-in-door technique

A

a persuasion technique in which you present a very reasonable request followed by one that may be a little more outrageous (and the request you originally want granted)

54
Q

door-in-face technique

A

a persuasion technique in which you present a ridiculous request, which you know will get shot down, followed by a more reasonable request (the one you want granted in the first place)

55
Q

lowballing technique

A

a persuasion technique: people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante and adds extra cost to the deal

56
Q

social facilitation

A

ORIGINAL: the tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present

CURRENT: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others

57
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

58
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self awareness and evaluation of apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

59
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

the desire to be cohesive trumps the desire to be right

60
Q

group polarization

A

group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies

a strengthening of the members’ AVERAGE tendency, not a split w/in the group

Group Polarization. A phenomenon wherein the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs. Example: After a discussion about racism, members of the group who are racist will defend their attitudes far more strongly than they would have beforehand.

61
Q

stereotypes

A

beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people; often overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new info

62
Q

minimal group paradigm

A

most well known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups

63
Q

prejudice

A

a preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members

64
Q

discrimination

A

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

65
Q

Allport’s Contact Hypothesis

A

under the right conditions, contact between groups can reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

  1. equal status contact (groups have to be on equal footing)
  2. promote cooperation
  3. personal contact (show that there are similarities)
  4. normative support (social norms promote/expect intergroup contact)
66
Q

ingroups

A

groups w/ which we feel a sense of membership or belonging

“us”

67
Q

outgroups

A

groups w/ which we DO NOT feel a sense of membership or belonging

“them”

68
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

69
Q

outgroup homogeneity effect

A

the tendency to see members of outgroups as being similar to each other while seeing the ingroup as a diverse group

70
Q

stereotype threat

A

the anxiety one feels when they’re aware that they belong to a certain stereotype and they’re attempting not to uphold that stereotype

71
Q

Jigsaw classroom

A

designed to reduce prejudice raise self esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups & making each child dependent on the others in the group to learn the course material & do well in the class

72
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

73
Q

hostile aggression

A

aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure

74
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end

75
Q

frustration aggression hypothesis

A

frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

also, frustration and anger coupled with cues from the environment can lead to aggression

76
Q

the weapons effect

A

a weapon provides an aggressive cue that increases the probability of the release of pent up aggression and anger

77
Q

social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished

78
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

used when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Psychology Flashcards (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions