Exam 4 senior year Flashcards
referred to as a unit, sum of the total of the changes that normally take place from brith to death
growth and development
an increase of # and size of cells resulting in overall increase of size and weight of the whole or any any parts
growth
changes that are due to genetic inheritance
maturation
referes to the predictable physiological, psysiological, psychosocial and cognitive chnges occuring over ones life span
development
cephalocaudal
head to toe
head developes first then trunk, and last the legs
proximodistal
near to far
from central axis of body to extremities
is development unique for each child
yes all grow at each individuals own pace
is development interrelated
yes physiological, psychosocial, gognitice and moral aspects of development are affected by one another
is developemnt differentiated
yes, growth becomes more specific and skillful as a child grows
Erikson
psychosocial development, during each stage there is a crisis to be resolved and a virtue to be fained. according to erikson, failure to properly master each step leads to problems in the future
Piaget
Cognitive Development, process by which developing individuals become acquainted with the world and the objects it contains
(sensorimotor 0-2ys, preoperational (2-4), cognitive thought phase (4-7), concrete operational (7-11/12), formal operations ( 11/12 & older))
Kohlberg
Moral reasoning, moral development is based on cognitive development and consists of three major levels
preconventional level
conventional level
post conventional level
wernickes area
reason and process language
how do we hear
hear at the primary auditory cortex to wenickies area to Brocas to primary motor cortex
Fowler
Spiritual development, 7 stages that are closely associated with cognitive and psycnosocial development
group of 2 or more people birth or adopted or marriage in the same home
Family
Developmental theory (Duval)
8 stages starting at beginning family ending with families in later years, this theory assesses a families current stage and ability to accomplish the tasks of that particular stage
Family stress theory
examines how families deal with normative and nonnormative stress
Family systems theory
views family as a system where all family members interace interdependently with one another. emphasizes family elements and the processes existing within and between families and their various enviornments
stage 1 of developmental theory
marriage and independent home
make decisions about parenthood
stage 2 of developmental theory
families with infants
parent infant attachment
stage 3 of developmental theory
families with preschoolers
socialize children, parent/child adjust to seperation
stage 4 of developmental theory
families with school children
child est peer relationships
stage 5 of developmental theory
families with teenagers
increase autonomy
stage 6 of developmental theory
families as launching centers
renegotiate marital relationships
stage 7 of developmental theory
middle age families
deal with disbilities and death, regain relationships with grandparents/in laws
bridging the gap, grandparenting
stage 8 of developmental theory
aging families
shift from work to retirement
married couple with biolgical children
traditional (nuclear)
married couple with biological and step/adopted/foster children
nuclear
mother or father with child or children
single parent from divorce death or unmarried woman
joint custody
bi-nuclear
mother and or father with children are divoreced and remary (now have step children)
reconstitued or step family (brady bunch)
grandmother/father, mother/father, children
extended
multiple mates
polygamous
share a common property, share child rearing
communal
authoritarian (dictatorial)
child can be very dependent, low self esteem, akward in society
permissive or laissez faire
rearely punished, kids control parents
authoritative or democratic
rules for a reason, coundries are realistic and explained, well balanced
native americans
- issues with alcoholism, pverty, poor health/hygine, smoking, skin ca, maternal morbidity is higher
- family, spirits, nature are important
- herbal/natural remedies, rituals for safe delivery/baby
- wont braid hair when pregnant
- home birth/midwife, only women allowed
- breast feed, recovery is quick after child birth
white americans
- technology based, father involvement
- future orientation
- L&D hospital, MD in charge
- postpartum is stressful mult roles
arab americans
- the more intrusive the procedure the more confidnet they feel
- having children will increase status of parents, wont tell about past Hx
- present day thinking
- L&D only women, very vocal, dont want help
Hispanic americans
- traditions, father has last say
- issues lack of health care, prenatal care
- miscarriage rate high, heavy babies, hot/cold, dont do renantal bc of hot/cold
- colestrum is seen as dirty, avoid moonlight, sleep on backs (bad bc decrease cirulation to fetus)
- present day oriented
- Muneco: braided cord placed under breast, modest, usually only women
- cuarentena: 40 days after birth restricted :baths, foods, sex
- baby usually not circumsized
- believe in umbillical binders
black americans
moms lead families, family is important
- considered a state of wellness
- present and future orienteation
- cravings of gravies and hot sauce, PICA
- dont reach over head, dont want pictures taken
- L&D many women involved
Filipino American
- family, eye contact are important
- shampoo hair, keeps baby clean
- no sex or it will harm baby
asian american
- balance
- quiet, prefer female MD or midwifes, natural births, modest
- avoid bathing, esp perineal area
- no chores for 30 days-3 months, Viet wont touch babies head, no praise or eye contact keep evil spirits away
orthodox judaism
religion, koiser, sundown friday to sundown sunday dont do anything
- hospitalization during sabbath: writing and electrical cant be done, koisher diet
- L&D fully covered, no pysical contact during labor
- naming ceremony, circum done by Rhabi
Tribal african women
female circum (preadolecence) may have scar tissue
what to do when cultural beliefs bary from practices
dont judge, safety is #1, compromise if able
process by whilch children acquire the beliefs, values, behaviors of a given society in order to function within that group
socialization
what is the #1 influence on health
socioeconomic status
pais
latin for child
goal of pediatric nursing
assit the child to reach adulthood in the best state of physical, emotional and social development that is poosible for him/her to achieve
what is key in pediatrics
promotion and prevention
in the middle ages up to 1800 children were considered infants until when
they were 6, then they were put to work, children died bc lack of hygine, illness/injury
baby farms
90-100 death rate
work laws for children came into effect
1800’s
Father of Peds
Abraham Jacobi, 1853, childrens aid society formed in NY
Lillian Wald
1st full time RN, henry street settlement NY
Whilte house conference on children
started in 1909 by FDR, held every 10 years
Childrens bureau
1912, first study on infant mortality
fair labor standards
1938
WIC
1974
FMLA
1993, 12 weeks unpaid leave, to care for NB/adopteve child
childhood mortality that is unintentional
males more likely, south west due to being outside and the extreme heat and being more darring
the prevalence of specific illness in the population at a particular time
morbidity
childhood mortaility
under one airway issues
1-19 MVC #1
Major developmental task for the early adult is
form an intense lasting relationship or a commitment to another person, cause, an institution or a creative effort
if a child does not achieve the exptected pschosocial developmental task, what specific characteristics would you see in this person as an adult?
lack of est vocation, prejudices against others, emotional distance in all relationships, dependency on parents, partner or both
erikson stage for early adult
intimacy vs isolation
Piaget stage for adult
formal operations stage, wisdom and experience begin to develop
major developmental tasks for adult
mutual love and respect between 2 people
desired basic strength of adult
love
erikson stage for middle adult
generatively vs self absorbtion stagnation (30-65 yr)
strengths: production and care
significant relationships are within the workplace, the community and the family.
Major developmental task for the middle adult
achieve the life goals est for oneself while also considering the welfare of future generations
late adult hood
integrity vs despair
65-death
basic strenth: wisdom
major developmental tasks for late adulthood
review ones life and derive meaning from both positive and negative events, while achieving a positive sense of self
Adolescent
12-18
Identity vs. Role confusion
Formal operations stage (piaget)
Post-conventional stage (Kohlberg)
primary and secondary sex characteristics
rapid growth=increase nutritional requirements
#1 cause of death=MVC
dont lecture, ensure privacy, show concern, open ended ?’s, start with less sensitive information first
School age
6-12
Ugly duckling
Industry vs. inferiority
Conventional level (Kohlberg)
concrete operational stage (piaget)
starts with shedding of first deciduous tooth ends at puberty with getting permanent teeth
growth is slow and steady, girls faster than boys
weight 4.506.5 lbs /yr, height 2 inches /yr
perfectionist, may steal, makes common use of tools
Good boy/girl, obey law bc its the law
team play, rules and rituals
peer group provides security as they gain independence from parents
clubs, bullying, teasing, relationships with family are important, lie/cheat/steal
safety/injury prevention: proper use of seatbelts, educate about drugs
spiritual development: concrete terms, heaven vs hell
cognitive development: concrete operational stage charachertistics
classification
conservation
reversibility
seviation
ability to recoginze that actions can move in reverse order
reversibility
the ability to order objects with respect to a common property
seviation
certain aspects of a object can change but it still stays the same object
conservation
group of objects put into categories
classification
preschool
3-5 yrs
average weight gain 5lbs/yr, height 3 inches/yr
Initiative vs. guilt
origional and purposeful activities, exercise self control
ride tricycle, throws ball overhand, ties shoelaces
instrumental realistic orientation (kohlberg, moral)
intuitive thought phase (piaget, cognitive)
egocentrism, animisn, centration
vocab increases dramativally, imitate parents and siblings
questioning at its peak, “lives by rules”, talk alot
fears (monsters etc.), masturbation is normal, gender roles
spiritual ideas are concrete (know simple bible stories)
associative play (imitative, imaginative, dramatic)
Imaginary playmates (normal)
pseudo independence (think they can do it all)
egocentrism
understand experiences only from their point of view
animism
they believe that objects have conciousness (stars twinkle bc they are happy)
centration
focusing on one aspect of a task and ignorning other aspects of the tasks (conservation)
Toddler
12-36 months
Terrible twos
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Preconventional level Punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1 moral development)
Cognitive development: tertiary circular reactions and mental combinations
weight 4-6lbs/yr, height 3 inches/yr
squat, pot bellied, bow legged
walks without help, uses cup, rotates spoon, goes up and down stairs, drawing holds crayon with fingers rather than fist, jumps both feet
works to develop independnce and start to learn they can do some things on own
uses no even while agreeing to request, tolerates seperation from parent, security blanket, talks incessantly, gives 1st and last name, stage parallel play, no reguard for right and left
imitation and fantacy
limit setting, behavior modication, temper tantrums, toilet teaching
infant
birth to 12 months
trust vs mistrust
preconventional morality (egocentric judgement
sensory motor stage (piaget) object permance
rapid growth 1-1 1/2 lbs per month, height 1/2-1”/month
anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 months
back to sleep, prone when playing
turn head from side to side one month
walks with one hand held 12 months
immunizations,
Heb B
birth, one month, 6-18 months
Rota
6-14 weeks, common in winter months
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP)
2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
not flu shot, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months 12 months
Polio
2 months, 4 months, 6 months, boster at 4-6 years
MMR
12-15 months, 4-6 years
Varicella (chxpox)
12-18 months, booster 4-6 years
pneumococcal (PCV)
2, 4, 6, 12 months
inactivated influenza
6-23 months of age
HPV
11-12 girls
deciduous teeth for 1st 2 years of age
age of child in months -6= # of teeth
8 months -6= 2 teeth
use of pacifier
not for 1st NB month
thumb sucking peaks at
18-20 months
S/sx of teething
fever, drooling, chew/suck on fingers/objects, irritable, fussy, diff. sleeping
Nutrition for infant
breast mile for 6 months, no cows milk, no soild food until age 4-6 months (bc immature GI system), introduce one food at a time
extrusion reflex
babies push food right out of the mouth, normal
introduction to solid foods in order
iron fortified infant cereal (5-6 months) fruit juice veggies fruits meats egg yolks table foods
family day care
licensed, take care of children in their home, up to 5 children for part of a day
center based care
commercial based, provide care for 6 or more children for 6 or more hours
manner of thinking , behaving or reacting characteristic of an individual or the way in which a person deals with life
temperment
fit of mother and child
degree of fit
stranger fear
1st 6 months attached to caregivers, around 6 months start to fear strangers, this is normal
separation anxiety
4-8 months begin to realize that the parent/caregiver can leave them
11-12 months able to anticiapte parent/caregiver getting ready to leave
infant play
solitary play
what is a major cause of death during infancy
injuries: aspiration, suffocation, MVC, falls, poisoning, burns, drowning
when does the anterior fontanel close
12-18 months
active immunity
if you have gotten it or a vaccine for it
passive immunity
temporary transfer of immunity from mom to baby via placenta in 3rd trimester (lasts about 3 months)
physiologic anorexia
child may eat large amounts of food one day and then not eat the next. due to imitation of another person refusing to eat, none apetizing food, plate is overwhelming
how much food should a toddler get
one Tbsp of soild food for each year of age (serving size of 1/4-1/3 that of an adult)
