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Physiology I > Exam #4: Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

Exam #4: Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What four centers/structures help to control breathing?

A
  • Control centers in brainstem
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Respiratory muscles
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2
Q

What are the six respiratory centers in the brain stem?

A
  • Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
  • Pre-Bötzinger Complex (PBC)
  • Pneumotaxic Center
  • Apneustic Center
  • Cerebral Cortex
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3
Q

What two types of neurons are found in the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)? Which type dominates?

A

Inspiratory AND expiratory

- Expiratory dominate

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4
Q

Under what conditions is the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) most active?

A

Exercise (increased ventilation demands)

- Use of ACTIVE expiratory neurons

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5
Q

What type of neuron is found in the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

A

Inspiratory neurons only

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6
Q

What occurs when the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) stops firing?

A

When inspiratory neurons stop firing, inspiratory muscles relax, and passive expiration occurs

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7
Q

What is the role of the Pre-Bötzinger Complex (PBC)? How does it do this?

A

Sets frequency of inspiration

- Does so by driving the rate of rhythmic firing of inspiratory nerves in the DRG

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8
Q

What two things can inhibit the activity of the Pre-Bötzinger Complex (PBC)?

A
  • Propofol

- Opioids

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9
Q

What is the role of the Pneumotaxic Center? How does it do this?

A

Turns off inspiration by limiting APs of Phrenic n. to diaphragm (aka switches off inspiratory nerves)

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10
Q

What is Apneusis?

A

ABNORMAL breathing pattern of prolonged inspiratory gasps then brief expiratory movement

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11
Q

What is the role of the Apneustic Center? How does it do this?

A

Excites inspiratory center in medulla → prolonged inspiration via prolonged APs in phrenic nerve = prolonged diaphragm contraction

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12
Q

What two things can induce the Apneustic Center?

A
  • Ketamine

- TBI

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13
Q

What is the role of the Cerebral Cortex? What are two examples of what this looks like?

A

Voluntary control of breathing

  • Voluntary hypoventilation/breath holding
  • Voluntary hyperventilation
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14
Q

What does voluntary hypoventilation mean for PaO2 and PaCO2?

A

Decreased PaO2 → increased PaCO2

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15
Q

What does voluntary hyperventilation mean for PaCO2 and pH?

A

Decreased PaCO2 → increased pH

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16
Q

What is the most important determinant for chemoreceptors, and why is this?

A

PaCO2 is MOST important

- Rate and depth of breathing are regulated to keep PaCO2 at 40 mmHg

17
Q

How is ventilation affected by PaCO2 levels during wake state? What about in sleep state?

A
  • In wake state, ventilation is unaffected by PaCO2 less than 40 mmHg BUT >40 mmHg causes hyperventilation to get it back to set point/normal
  • In sleep state, ventilation is unaffected even if PaCO2 levels increase ABOVE 40 mmHg
18
Q

Why does sleep state cause a shift to the right of the ventilation/PaCO2 graph?

What three other things can cause a shift to the right?

A

Slope is decreased due to decreased sensitivity to CO2 changes
- Narcotics, alcohol and anesthetics can also cause a shift to the right

19
Q

What is the MOST important type of regulator? Why are they most important (i.e. what is their role)?

A

Central Chemoreceptors

- Keep PaCO2 within normal range

20
Q

What are brain stem Central Chemoreceptors more sensitive to changes in?

A

pH of CSF

21
Q

If pH is increased, what will brain stem Central Chemoreceptors induce?

A

Hypoventilation

- Increased pH → less CO2 → decreased breathing rate

22
Q

If pH is decreased, what will brain stem Central Chemoreceptors induce?

A

Hyperventilation

- Decreased pH → more CO2 → increased breathing rate (to expel the CO2)

23
Q

What do medullary Central Chemoreceptors respond directly to? Indirectly to?

A
  • Directly: change in pH of CSF

- Indirectly: change in PaCO2

24
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors? Where is each located (2)?

A
  • Central Chemoreceptors: brain stem, medulla

- Peripheral Chemoreceptors: aortic bodies, carotid bodies

25
Q

Under what two conditions do Peripheral Chemoreceptors induce hyperventilation?

A
  • Decrease in PaO2 less than 60 mmHg

- Decrease in arterial pH

26
Q

What is the ONLY type of Peripheral Chemoreceptor responsible for detecting a decrease in arterial pH?

A

Carotid bodies only

27
Q

What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Lung Stretch Receptors
  • Joint & Muscle Stretch Receptors
  • Irritant Receptors
  • Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors
28
Q

Where are Lung Stretch Receptors located? What are they activated by, and what do they induce?

A
  • Located in airway smooth muscle
  • Activated by lung/airway distention (Hering-Breuer reflex)
  • DECREASED breathing rate (hypoventilation)
29
Q

Where are Joint & Muscle Receptors located? What are they activated by, and what do they induce?

A
  • Located in joints and muscles
  • Activated by limb movement
  • INCREASED breathing rate (hyperventilation)
30
Q

Where are Irritant Receptors located? What are they activated by, and what do they induce?

A
  • Located between epithelial cells lining airways
  • Activated by dust/pollen
  • INCREASED breathing rate (hyperventilation)
31
Q

Where are Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors located? What are they activated by, and what do they induce?

A
  • Located in alveolar walls
  • Activated by engorgement of pulmonary capillaries
  • INCREASED breathing rate (hyperventilation)
32
Q

Why is hyperventilation induced with activation of Irritant Receptors?

A

Increased breathing rate via bronchial smooth muscle constriction

33
Q

Why is hyperventilation induced with activation of Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors?

A

Increased breathing rate due to increased BF

34
Q

What are the two types of apnea? Which has NO effect on PaO2 or PaCO2, and why?

A
  • Brief sleep apnea: NO effect on PaO2 or PaCO2 because TOO SHORT
  • Prolonged apnea
35
Q

What are the two subtypes of prolonged apnea? Which one presents with pleural pressure oscillations?

A
  • Central sleep apnea: NO pleural pressure oscillations

- Obstructive sleep apnea: pleural pressure oscillations present

36
Q

What is the most common type of sleep apnea, and what is a risk factor associated with it?

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

- Obesity is a risk factor

37
Q

What does the presence of pleural pressure oscillations indicate?

A

Lungs ARE trying to expel high CO2 levels

Physiology I (9 decks)

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