Exam 4: Pharmacology Basics

Question 1

What 5 things are included in pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

1. Site of action
2. Mechanism of action
3. Receptor binding
4. Postreceptor effects
5. Chemical interactions

Question 2

What 3 things can affect pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

1. Disease/Disorder
2. Age
3. Drug-Drug interactions

Question 3

What are the 3 subtypes of receptors?

Answer 3

1. Enzymes
2. Ion channels
3. Membrane receptors

Question 4

What are the 4 types of chemical interactions that cause drugs to bind?

Answer 4

1. Electrostatic interactions (intermolecular forces)
2. Hydrophobic interactions
3. Covalent bonding
4. Stereospecific interactions

Question 5

What are the 3 drug properties we look for?

Answer 5

1. Affinity
2. Efficacy
3. Potency

Question 6

What 2 types of categories do drugs have? Which one do we prefer?

Answer 6

1. Competitive PREFERRED
2. Non-competitive

Question 7

What 4 things do pharmacokinetics help us understand better?

Answer 7

1. Drug administration
2. Therapeutic dosing
3. Time intervals between drug dosing
4. Toxic dosing

Question 8

What are the 2 main methods of drug administration?

Answer 8

1. Enteral (oral) - through the intestines
2. Parenteral (not oral) - not through the intestines

Question 9

Which 5 ways can drugs be administered?

Answer 9

1. Enteral/oral
2. Intramuscular
3. Subcutaneously
4. Intravenously
5. Inhalation

Question 10

Define bioavailability

Answer 10

How much of the administered drug is actually absorbed

Question 11

What 8 things affect bioavailability?

Answer 11

1. Molecular weight of drug
2. Drug formulation
3. Drug stability (especially pH sensitivity)
4. First pass metabolism
5. Blood flow
6. Gastric emptying
7. Intestinal motility
8. Drug interactions

Question 12

What 6 things influence distribution?

Answer 12

1. Blood
2. Total body water
3. Extracellular fluids
4. Lymphatic fluids
5. Cerebrospinal fluids
6. Protein-binding

Question 13

What 2 common processes are used for metabolism?

Answer 13

1. Hydrolysis
2. REDOX reactions

Question 14

What are the 4 main routes of excretion?

Answer 14

1. Kidneys (majority of drugs)
2. Feces
3. Lungs
4. Sweat

Question 15

What is the main area for metabolism?

Answer 15

Liver

Question 16

When do most drugs fail?

Answer 16

During the discovery phase

Question 17

90% of drugs fail in the ____ testing

Answer 17

clinical

Question 18

What is the Lipinskri Rule of 5

Answer 18

1. Hydrogen bond donors/acceptors cannot be more than 10 combined
2. Molecular weight target is less than 500 Daltons
3. Partition coefficient (cLogP) should be less than 5
4. Structural alerts

Question 19

What type of bonding increases the affinity of a drug?

Answer 19

Hydrogen bonding

Question 20

What are the 5 types of structural alerts?

Answer 20

1. Aromatic anilines
2. Nitroaromatics
3. Aliphatic halides
4. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5. Thiophenes

Question 21

What is drug efficacy directly related to?

Answer 21

Concentration of drug at the site of action