Exam 4: Mental Health Flashcards
- Invented or distorted words, or words with new and highly idiosyncratic meanings.
- Observed in schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, and aphasia.
Neologisms
Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoidant
Defective articulation
Dysarthria
- Persistent repetition of words or ideas.
- Occurs in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Perseveration
Submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of
Dependent
Awareness that symptoms or disturbed behaviors are normal or abnormal; for example, distinguishing between daydreams and hallucinations that seem real.
Insight
- Speech that is incomprehensible and illogical, with lack of meaningful connections, abrupt changes in topic, or disordered grammar or word use.
- Flight of ideas, when severe, may produce it.
- Seen in severe psychotic disturbances (usually schizophrenia).
Incoherence
Is a disorder of language.
Has abnormalities of spontaneous speech:
- Hesitancies and gaps in the flow and rhythm of words
- Disturbed inflections, such as a monotone
- Circumlocutions, in which phrases or sentences are substituted for a word the person cannot think of, such as “what you write with” for “pen”
- Paraphasias, in which words are malformed (“I write with a den”), wrong (“I write with a bar”), or invented (“I write with a dar”).
Aphasia
- The mildest thought disorder, consisting of speech with unnecessary detail, indirection, and delay in reaching the point.
- Some topics may have a meaningful connection.
- Many people without mental disorders have this.
Occurs in people with obsessions.
Circumstantiality
- Repetition of the words and phrases of others.
- Occurs in manic episodes and schizophrenia.
Echolalia
Assessed by vocabulary, fund of information, abstract thinking, calculations, construction of objects that have two or three dimensions
Higher cognitive functions
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
Obsessive– compulsive
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Histrionic
What are the 5 components of the mental health examination?
- Appearance and behavior
- Speech and language
- Mood
- Thoughts and perceptions
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Cognitive function
- Orientation, attention, memory, attention, and higher cognitive functions (information and vocab, calculations, abstract thinking, and constructional ability)
A more pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the person’s perception of the world. (Affect is to __ as weather is to climate.)
May be euthymic (in the normal range), elevated, or dysphoric (unpleasant, possibly as sad, anxious, or irritable), for example.
Mood
Sensory awareness of objects in the environment and their interrelationships (external stimuli); also refers to internal stimuli such as dreams or hallucinations.
Perceptions
- Sudden interruption of speech in mid-sentence or before the idea is completed, attributed to “losing the thought.”
- Occurs in normal people.
- May be striking in schizophrenia.
Blocking
Impaired volume, quality, or pitch of the voice
Dysphonia
The logic, coherence, and relevance of the patient’s thought as it leads to selected goals; how people think
Thought processes
Wernicke aphasia
Impaired comprehension with fluent speech
Receptive aphasia
Awareness of personal identity, place, and time; requires both memory and attention
Orientation
Persisting grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
Narcissistic
- Speech with choice of words based on sound, rather than meaning, as in rhyming and punning.
- Ex: “Look at my eyes and nose, wise eyes and rosy nose. Two to one, the ayes have it!”
- Occurs in schizophrenia and manic episodes.
Clanging
Broca aphasia
Preserved comprehension and slow nonfluent speech
Expressive Aphasia
A fluctuating pattern of observable behaviors that expresses subjective feelings or emotions through tone of voice, facial expression, and demeanor.
Disturbed affect may be flat, blunted, labile, or inappropriate.
Affect
- Fabrication of facts or events in response to questions, to fill in the gaps from impaired memory
- Seen in Korsakoff syndrome from alcoholism.
Confabulation
Accelerated louder speech is seen in what mental health disorder?
Mania
Detachment from social relations with a restricted emotional range
Schizoid
Eccentricities in behavior and cognitive distortions; acute discomfort in close relationships
Schizotypal
Distrust and suspiciousness
Paranoid
The process of registering or recording information, tested by asking for immediate repetition of material, followed by storage or retention of information.
Recent or short-term covers minutes, hours, or days; remote or long-term refers to intervals of years.
Memory
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affective regulation; impulsivity
Borderline
Slow speech is seen in what mental health disorder?
Depression
- An almost continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from one topic to the next.
- Changes are based on understandable associations, plays on words, or distracting stimuli, but ideas are not well connected.
- Most frequently noted in manic episodes.
Flight of Ideas
What the patient thinks about, including level of insight and judgment
Thought content
A complex symbolic system for expressing, receiving, and comprehending words; as with consciousness, attention, and memory, it is essential for assessing other mental functions
Language
Process of comparing and evaluating alternatives when deciding on a course of action; reflects values that may or may not be based on reality and social conventions or norms
Judgement
- “Tangential” speech with shifting topics that are loosely connected or unrelated.
- The patient is unaware of the lack of association.
- Seen in schizophrenia, manic episodes, and other psychotic disorders.
Derailment (loosening of associations)
Disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Antisocial
The ability to focus or concentrate over time on a particular stimulus or activity—an inattentive person is easily distractible and may have difficulty giving a history or responding to questions.
Attention
