Exam 1- Immunization Flashcards
What is Immunity?
ability of human body to tolerate presence of material indigenous to body “self” & to eliminate foreign “nonself” material
What is Active Immunity? Give some examples.
protection that is produced by person’s own immune system, usually lasts for many years or a lifetime.
i.e. vaccines
What is Passive Immunity? Give some examples.
protection by products produced by animal or human or transfer to another human.
i.e. in utero, mother’s milk, blood products
What is antigen?
a live (virus/bacteria) or inactivated substance capable of immune response
What is an antibody?
protein molecules (immunoglobulins) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen
What is live attenuated vaccines? Which ones do we commonly use in the U.S.?
- produced by modifying a disease-producing virus or bacterium (does not cause illness)
- can replicate & produce immunity (usually w 1 dose)
- Examples: MMR, varicella, zoster (same virus as varicella but in higher amount), rotavirus, influenza (intranasal)
Live vaccines: can we give them together? Who would we not give it to?
- Give together or more than 4 weeks apart
- immunocompromised
What are Inactivated vaccines?
- cannot replicate
- require multiple doses, 1st dose “primes immune system” & “booster” doses
- antibody titers diminish w time
What vaccine is given at birth?
Hepatitis B
What vaccines are given at 2 month well visit ?
“B DR. Hip”
B-Hepatitis B (2nd dose) D- DTap R- rotavirus H-Hib I- IPV P- PCV
What vaccines would you expect to give at a 4 month old well visit ?
“DR. HIP”
D- DTap
R- rotavirus
H- hib
I- IPV
P- PVC
(NO hep B)
What vaccines are given at the 6 month well baby visit ?
“B DR. Hip”
B-Hepatitis B (3rd dose) D- DTap R- rotavirus H-Hib I- IPV (polio) P- PCV
(Also, starting at 6 months, add annual flu vaccine)
(Same as two month check up)
DIPHTHERIA
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Can affect any mucous membrane. Insidious onset of pharyngitis. Within 2 to 3 days membrane forms which can cause respiratory obstruction. Lymphadenopathy (“bulls neck”). Fever usually not high but patient appears toxic.
Myocarditis; neuritis; paralysis of the soft palate, eyes, and limbs; death.
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B (Hib)
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis, and cellulitis
Hearing impairment and neurologic sequelae, death
How long must you wawit between giving live vaccine first and then administering the antibody? Why?
2 weeks. Prevent antibody from interfering with viral replication (CH. 2 Pinkbook)
HEPATITIS A
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Abrupt onset of fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and jaundice.
Immunologic, neurologic, hemetalogic, pancreatic, and renal extra hepatic manifestations; death
HEPATITIS B
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Preicteric: insidious onset of malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, RUQ pain, fever, headache, myalgia, skin rashes, arthralgia and arthritis, and dark urine.
Icteric: 1-3 weeks and is characterized by jaundice, white or gray stools, hepatic tenderness and hepatomegaly.
Fulminant hepatitis, hospitalization, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, death.
Aka human carcinogen
HPV
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Anogenital warts, respiratory papillmatosis
Cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers
INFLUENZA
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, sore throat, nonproductive cough, and headache
Pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, Reye syndrome, myocarditis, death.
MEASLES
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Fever, which increases in stepwise fashion, often peaking as high as 103-105°F. Onset of cough coryza (runny nose), or conjunctivitis. Koplik spots, a rash present on mucous membranes. Maculopapular eruption that usually lasts 5-6 days. It begins at the hairline, then involves the face and upper neck. During the next 3 days, the rash gradually proceeds downward and outward, reaching the hands and feet. The maculopapular lesions are generally discrete, but may become confluent, particularly on the upper body.
Diarrhea, AOM, pneumonia, encephalitis, seizures, death
MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck nuchal rigidity, often with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and altered mental status.
Petechial or purpuric rash, often associated with hypotension, shock, acute adrenal hemorrhage, and multi-organ failure.
MUMPS
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Myalgia, malaise, headache, low-grade fever
Orchitis (testicular inflammation), and parotitis
PERTUSSIS
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Onset of Kreiser, sneezing, low-grade fever, and a mild occasional cough, similar to the common cold. Cough gradually becomes more severe, and after 1 to 2 weeks, the second or proximal stage begins. Paroxysms of numerous rapid coughs, apparently due to difficulty expelling thick mucus from the tracheobronchial tree. At the end of the paroxysm, a long inspiratory effort is usually accompanied a characteristic high pitched whoop.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia (most common), neurologic complications, seizures, encephalopathy, otitis media, anorexia, dehydration, pneumothorax, epistaxis, subdural hematoma, hernias, rectal prolapse
PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Abrupt onset of fever and chills or rigors. Classically there is a single rigor, and repeated shaking chills are uncommon, pleuritic chest pain.
Bacteremia, meningitis, and death
POLIOMYELITIS
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
Asymptomatic, minor, non-specific illness, non-paralytic aseptic meningitis symptoms of stiffness of the neck, back, and or legs, usually following several days after a program similar to that of minor illness. If you were than 1% result in flaccid paralysis
ROTAVIRUS
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
May cause self limited watery diarrhea, or may result in severe dehydrating diarrhea with fever and vomiting. Up to 1/3 of infected children may have a temp >102°F.
Severe diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis
RUBELLA
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
1-5 day prodrome with low-grade fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, upper respiratory symptoms preceding the rash. The rash of rubella is maculopapular and occurs 14-17 days after exposure. The rash usually occurs initially on the face and then progresses from head to foot. It last about three days and is occasionally pruritic.
Arthralgia, encephalitis, hemorrhagic complications
Congenital rubella: fetal death, prematurity, deafness, high and cardiac defects, microcephaly
TETANUS
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Bacteria
Trismus or lockjaw, followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, and rigidity of abdominal muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated BP, and episodic rapid heart rate. Spasms may occur frequently and last for several minutes. Spasms continue for 3 to 4 weeks.
Laryngeal spasm, HTN, PE, fractures
VARICELLA ZOSTER
Type of pathogen
Symptoms presented with
Complications
Virus
VARICELLA: mild prodrome may proceed the onset of a rash: the rash usually appears first on the head, then on the trunk, and then the extremities; the highest concentration is on the trunk. Vesicular, 1-4mm, may rupture and crust. Form in crops. “Dew drop on the rose petal”.
SHINGLES: the vesicular eruption of zoster generally occurs unilaterally in the distribution of a sensory nerve. Most often this involves the trunk or the 5th cranial nerve. 2-4 days prior to the eruption, there may be pain and paresthesia in the involved area. There are a few systemic symptoms.
VARICELLA: bacterial superinfection, pneumonia, CNS manifestations, Reye syndrome, death.
SHINGLES: post herpetic neuralgia (PHN)
