Exam 4: Lecture 62: Liver phys 2

Question 1

When is the post-absorptive phase?

Answer 1

brief period between meals in well-fed animals

Question 2

When blood glucose drops below normal is stimulates what hormone?

Answer 2

glucagon

Question 3

Glucagon stimulates which two enzymes in the liver?

Answer 3

glycogen phosphatase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

Question 4

Which liver enzyme stimulates glycogenolysis to increase BG levels?

Answer 4

Glycogen phosphatase

Question 5

Which liver enzyme promotes gluconeogenesis once glycogen stores are depleted?

Answer 5

Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase

Question 6

What are the three BCAAs?

Answer 6

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine

Question 7

As less glucose is available, the muscle uses what as the primary source of energy?

Answer 7

BCAAs

Question 8

What must occur to the BCAAs in order to form alpha-keto acid?

Answer 8

Deamination

Question 9

In the liver, alanine is formed by what substrates?

Answer 9

Pyruvate and amino group

Question 10

In the liver alanine is converted into what?

Answer 10

Urea + glucose

Question 11

The lack of insulin stimulates what enzyme in the adipose tissue?

Answer 11

Hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 12

Hormon-sensitive lipase does what?

Answer 12

Releases fatty acids from adipose into blood to form non-esterified fatty acids

Question 13

What can Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) be used for?

Answer 13

Energy by many tissues or ketone body production in liver, or VLDL synthesis

Question 14

Under fasting and starvation conditions, what is the first substance used for energy?

Answer 14

Adipose

Question 15

To synthesize ketone bodies, NEFAs + carnitine enter the mitochondria through which transporter?

Answer 15

CPT1

Question 16

CPT1 is inhibited by what in the presence of insulin?

Answer 16

Malonyl CoA

Question 17

What is the underlying issue in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Answer 17

Lack of insulin production leads to glucagon production even though blood glucose is high

Question 18

In uncontrolled diabetes, glucagon inhibits FA synthesis so malonyl CoA is low, meaning what?

Answer 18

CPT1 activity is high and so is ketone body production

Question 19

In ruminants, majority of the carbohydrates are fermented resulting in what?

Answer 19

VFAs - acetate, propionate, and butyrate

Question 20

Propionate is a precursor for glucose and enters the Krebs cycle at which point?

Answer 20

Succinate

Question 21

In ruminants, most of their fatty acids are made from what?

Answer 21

Acetate