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Phys > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle?

A

Cardiac output

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2
Q

T/F: The Cardiac output from the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle.

A

False - the CO from both ventricles is equal

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3
Q

Which organ receives the highest percentage of blood relative to its size?

A

Brain

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4
Q

Does the blood travel in series or parallel to the various organs of the body?

A

In parallel

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5
Q

What is the name for the semilunar valve that is in between the right ventricle and lungs?

A

Pulmonic valve

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6
Q

T/F: There can be electrical activity without mechanical activity of the heart

A

True

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7
Q

What type of valves are the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

Atrial-Ventricular (AV) valves

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8
Q

If a non-cardiologist DVM is asking for an ECG, what two things could they learn from it?

A

Normal HR and rhythm

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9
Q

Who is thought to be the father of cardiology and what did he discover?

A

William Harvey - one way valves and that blood only travels in one direction

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10
Q

Put the flow of blood in order starting with the right atria:
1. Blood goes from the vena cava into the Right Atrium
2. The left atrium contracts and blood flows through the Mitral valve into the Left Ventricle
3. The right ventricle contracts sending blood through the pulmonic valve and into the pulmonary circuit
4. The right atrium contracts and blood goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
5. Blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the left atrium
6. The left ventricle contracts sending blood through the aortic valve into the systemic circuit

A

1, 4, 3, 5, 2, 6

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11
Q

You are called to a farm for a horse who has been on stall rest for 3 days because of a healing laceration. The O is freaking out because now the horse’s legs are swollen. What would you advise her to do?

A

Walk the horse - the edema is likely caused by lymph fluid building up in the legs

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12
Q

Which type of blood vessel is densely innervated and thus is the predominant control of systemic blood flow?

A

Arterioles

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13
Q

T/F: The left atrium/left ventricle are in parallel with the right atrium/right ventricle.

A

False - they are in series because the total blood flow goes from the RA/RV then to the LA/LV, not at the same time

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14
Q

During exercise your skeletal muscle needs more O2, how does the heart compensate for this?

A

Increase HR

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15
Q

If the heart cannot compensate enough for the increased O2 demand what is a product from anaerobic metabolism that is released?

A

Lactic acid

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16
Q

As the surface area increases towards the capillaries, what happens to the velocity of blood?

A

It decreases

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17
Q

If a blood vessel constricts, thus increasing resistance, what can you expect to be the effect on flow?

A

It decreases

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18
Q

T/F: The diameter of a capillary is smaller than a RBC, so they have to fold to go through.

A

True

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19
Q

A patient comes in with no signs of trauma or massive hemorrhage, but they have pale mm and other signs of poor perfusion (in regards to this lecture) what is one disorder that should be on your differential list?

A

Sickle cell anemia

20
Q

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic:
Which only innervates the supraventricular areas?

A

Parasympathetic

21
Q

A beta-1 antagonist would have what effects on the heart?

A
  • Decrease HR
  • Decrease contractility
  • Decrease AV node conduction
22
Q

What is the approximate total blood volume for a 75kg working dog?

A

5,250ml-6,750ml
(70-90ml/kg range)

23
Q

T/F: Stressed volume is always higher than the unstressed volume.

A

False

24
Q

Approximately what percentage of total blood volume is found in the venous system?

A

70%

25
Q

If the pressure in the veins increased, but the volume stayed the same, what would the effect be on the capacitance?

A

It would decrease

26
Q

About how much blood would an animal have to lose before it’s a big problem?

A

About 30%

27
Q

What blood vessel type has the highest cross sectional area?

A

Capillaries

28
Q

What subtypes of veins hold the largest amount of the total blood volume?

A

Small veins and venules

29
Q

As an artery ages, does its compliance increase or decrease?

A

Decreases

30
Q

If the walls of the ascending aorta are thickened due to disease, what can you expect the effect to be on the afterload?

A

It will increase because the pressure against the aortic valve increases

31
Q

When the heart contracts, is all of the blood ejected into the relative circuits?

A

No, it only releases 50-55% of total volume

32
Q

Define preload

A

Ventricular wall stretch prior to contraction

33
Q

Define afterload

A

the forces that oppose the ventricular ejection of blood

34
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is diastolic pressure measured?

A

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

35
Q

When in the cardiac cycle is systolic pressure measured?

A

The highest arterial pressure when the ventricles contract

36
Q

If you have a diastolic pressure of 70 mmHg and a systolic pressure of 100 mmHg, what is the MAP?

A

80 mmHg
PP = 100-70 = 30
MAP = (1/3 30) + 70 = 80

37
Q

What is the normal blood pressure in the aorta?

A

100 mmHg

38
Q

What blood vessel can you expect to have the lowest pressure?

A

Vena cava

39
Q

Is the pressure higher in the capillaries or arterioles?

A

Arterioles

40
Q

The dicrotic notch is representative of what in the cardiac cycle?

A

Closure of the aortic valve

41
Q

When obtaining a blood pressure, how big should the cuff be to ensure an accurate reading?

A

No wider than 1.5x the circumference of the appendage you put it on.

42
Q

How is the lower pressure in the capillaries,veins, etc. maintained?

A

Continuous contraction of the heart

43
Q

If the flow remains the same, but the area of the vessel increases, what happens to the velocity?

A

It decreases

44
Q

As the velocity of the blood increases, is the flow more likely to be laminar or turbulent?

A

Turbulent

45
Q

During laminar flow, where in the vessel has the highest velocity?

A

In the middle of the vessel

46
Q

In a patient with aortic stenosis, what can you expect of their stroke volume?

A

It decreases

47
Q
A

Phys (13 decks)

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