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Phys > Exam 4: Lecture 56: Gastric, pancreatic, and bile secretions > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lecture 56: Gastric, pancreatic, and bile secretions Flashcards

1
Q

Vagal stimulation has direct paths to stimulate the secretion of what two substances?

A

HCl and gastrin

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2
Q

In the indirect path of vagal stimulation what occurs to stimulate HCl secretion?

A

gastrin from G cells -> systemic circulation -> HCl from parietal cells

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3
Q

Why can’t atropine block HCl secretion completely?

A

It cannot block the second direct vagal pathway - the one that stimulates gastrin from G cells

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4
Q

What are the phases of HCl secreiton?

A
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
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5
Q

Which phase produces the most amount of HCl?

A

Gastric phase

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6
Q

What is the stimuli for the cephalic phase of HCl secretion?

A

smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing, and conditioned reflexes.

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7
Q

What is the stimulation of HCl secretion in the gastric phase?

A

distention of stomach and presence of AA and peptides

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8
Q

What stimulates HCl secretion during the intestinal phase?

A

Products of protein digestion

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9
Q

Why would HCl secretion be inhibited?

A

When it is no longer needed for conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

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10
Q

List three ways that HCl secretion is inhibited.

A
  1. decreased pH of gastric contents
  2. Somatostatin
  3. Prostaglandins antagonize histamine by reducing cAMP
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11
Q

How does somatostatin directly inhibit HCl secretion?

A

binds parietal cells and antagonizes histamine pathway by decreasing cAMP

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12
Q

How does somatostatin indirectly inhibit HCl secretion?

A

Inhibits both histamine and gastrin release

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13
Q

What are the barriers to acid and pepsin damage to gastric mucosa?

A

Bicarbonate and mucus

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14
Q

What are some causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A

loss of mucus, excessive H+, and pepsin secretion

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15
Q

T/F: Most dogs and cats are positive for H.pylori

A

True

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16
Q

What causes duodenal ulcers?

A

H+ secretory rate is higher than normal

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17
Q

What causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

High rates of H+ secretion due to high gastrin and delivery of high H+ to duodenum

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18
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Excess fat in feces

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19
Q

Which enzyme allows H. pylori to survive the acidic environment of the stomach?

A

Urease

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20
Q

Which part of the exocrine gland is responsible for secretion of the enzymes?

A

Acinus

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21
Q

Which two types of cells secrete the aqueous portion of pancreatic secretions?

A

Ductal and centroacinar cells

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22
Q

The SNS (inhibit/stimulates) the exocrine pancreas

A

Inhibit

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23
Q

The PNS (inhibits/stimulates) the exocrine pancreas

A

Stimulates

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24
Q

The enzymes for the enzymatic component of pancreatic secretions are synthesized where?

A

Rough ER of acinar cells

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25
Q

Once the enzymes for the pancreatic secretions are synthesized what are they stored as?

A

Zymogens (inactive for proteases)

26
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes are secreted as active enzymes?

A

Amylase and lipase

27
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes are secreted in inactive forms?

A

Proteases

28
Q

Where is the aqueous component of pancreatic secretions modified?

A

Transport process in ductal cells

29
Q

What is the overall goal for pancreatic secretion, which ions end up where?

A

HCO3- into lumen and H+ into blood

30
Q

When the flow rate of the pancreatic juice changes, what components stay constant?

A

Na+ and K+

31
Q

At high flow rates, what happens to the concentration of HCO3-?

A

It increases

32
Q

At high flow rates, what happens to the concentration of Cl-?

A

It decreases

33
Q

At high flow rates of pancreatic juice, what are the main components?

A

Na+ HCO3-. and water

34
Q

At low flow rates of pancreatic juice, what are the main components?

A

Na+ Cl-, and water

35
Q

T/F: Aqueous and enzymatic portions are regulates seperatly.

A

True

36
Q

H+ ions in the duodenum stimulate the (aqueous/enzamatic) portion.

A

Aqueous

37
Q

The enzymatic portion of the pancreatic juice is stimulated by what?

A

Products of digestion

38
Q

What are the three phases of pancreatic secretion?

A
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
39
Q

The cephalic phase is initiated by what?

A

Smell, taste, conditioning

40
Q

The gastric phase is initiated by what?

A

distention of stomach

41
Q

Which phase of pancreatic secretion is most important?

A

Intestinal phase

42
Q

Acinar cells have receptors for what substances?

A

CCK and Ach

43
Q

Ductal cells have receptors for what substances?

A

CCK, Ach, and secretin

44
Q

What is bile?

A

Mixture of bile salts, bile pigments and cholesterol, phospholipids, ions, and water

45
Q

What is the major purpose of bile?

A

Emulsify lipids for digestion and solubilize products into micelles for absorption

46
Q

What type of cells synthesize the components of bile?

A

Hepatocytes

47
Q

What role does CCK play in bile secretion?

A

It stimulates the contractions of the gall bladder

48
Q

CCK also relaxes what sphincter?

A

Sphincter of Oddi, at the gall bladder

49
Q

What is the main composition of bile?

A

Bile salts

50
Q

Bile salts are made from what two components in the liver?

A

Bile acids and amino acids

51
Q

What are the two primary bile acids made by hepatocytes?

A

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

52
Q

Bile salts are __________________ - they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions

A

Amphipathic

53
Q

What substance is a product of hemoglobin degredation?

A

Bilirubin

54
Q

In a micelle, where are the products?

A

Core of the micelle

55
Q

What is the major functions of the gall bladder?

A

Stores, concentrates, and ejects bile

56
Q

How is bile concentrated in the gall bladder?

A

The epithelial cells absorb ions and water, leaving the bile in the lumen

57
Q

When is bile usually ejected?

A

About 30 minutes after a meal

58
Q

What portion of the small intestine is crucial for bile reabsorption?

A

Ileum

59
Q

Which ion allows for bile salts to be reabsorbed?

A

Na+

60
Q

Most bile salts return to liver via _____________________________.

A

Enterohepatic circulation

Phys (13 decks)

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