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Physiology 2 > Exam 4: Intro To GI And Swallowing > Flashcards

Exam 4: Intro To GI And Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of movement does the esophagus have?
Stomach?
Small intestine?

A

Esophagus: peristalsis
Stomach: mixing
Small intestine: segmentation and peristalsis

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2
Q

What controls the mid-esophagus to the internal anal sphincter?

A

ANS via visceral smooth muscle

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3
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract from the serosal to luminal side?

A

Serosa, longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucosa, submucosal plexus, and mucosa

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the mucosa of the GI tract?

A

Muscularis mucosae, lamina propriety, and epithelium

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5
Q

What two layers of the GI tract are part of the enteric NS?

A

Myenteric plexus (auerbachs) and submucosal plexus (Meissners)

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6
Q

What is the advantage of parallel and series organization of splanchnic organization?

A

Parallel: allows for regulation of flow to individual organs
Series: liver is exposed to all absorbed substances

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7
Q

Afferent signals to the plexuses of the ENS come from what?

A

Chemo and Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

What modulates the ENS?

A

The ANS, but the ENS does not require ANS input to carry out most functions

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9
Q

What is the myenteric plexus responsible for?

A

Innervates longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers and is primarily concerned with control of gut movements

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10
Q

What does the submucosal plexus do?

A

Innervates the glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels, primarily concerned with control of intestinal secretion

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11
Q

What does the SNS do in the GI system? Is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

SNS releases NE in intramural plexuses and on vascular smooth muscle and secretory cells. This effect is usually inhibitory

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12
Q

What innervates the salivary glands?

A

The cervical ganglia from the SNS and CN VII and IX from the PNS

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13
Q

What innervates the distal colon?

A

The superior mesenteric ganglia from the SNS and the sacral and pelvic nerves from the PNS

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14
Q

What innervates the rectum?

A

The inferior mesenteric ganglia from the SNS and the sacral and pelvic nerves from the PNS

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15
Q

What kind of nerves have preganglionic nerves that synapse directly in the GI tract?

A

Parasympathetics

**sympathetics synapse prior to the GI tract, and the postganglionic nerve goes into the GI tract

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16
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

The GI tract

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17
Q

What are the 3 things that GI peptides regulate?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • secretion of fluid and enzymes
  • Growth of GI cells
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18
Q

What are the 4 hormones of the GI tract?

A

Gastrin, cholecytokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide

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19
Q

What cells secrete gastrin?

A

G cells of the stomach

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20
Q

What stimulates gastrin release?

A
  • small peptides and amino acids
  • distention of the stomach
  • vagal stimulation
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21
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Increase gastric H+ secretion and stimulate growth of gastric mucosa

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22
Q

What cells release CCK?

A

I cells of the duodenum and jejunum

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23
Q

What stimulates CCK release?

A

Small peptides and amino acids

Fatty acids

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24
Q

What is the effect of CCK?

A
  • Increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
  • increase pancreatic bicarb secretion
  • stimulate contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of oddi
  • stimulates growth of the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
  • inhibits gastric emptying
25
Q

What cells secrete secretin?

A

S cells of the duodenum

26
Q

What stimulates secretin release?

A

H+ in the duodenum

Fatty acids in the duodenum

27
Q

What is the effect of secretin?

A
  • Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
  • increase biliary bicarb secretion
  • decrease gastric H+ secretion
  • inhibits tropic effect of gastric on gastric mucosa
28
Q

What secretes GIP?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

29
Q

What stimulates GIP release?

A

fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose

30
Q

What are the effects of GIP?

A
  • Inhibits gastric emptying
  • increase insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells
  • decrease gastric H+ secretion
31
Q

What are the two paracrines of the GI tract?

A

Somatostatin and histamine

32
Q

What are the 4 GI neurocrines?

A
  • ACh
  • NE
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • Gastrin releasing peptide
33
Q

What does ACh do in the GI tract?

A

Increase secretions, relaxes sphincters, increases contraction of wall smooth muscle

34
Q

What does NE do in the GI tract?

A

Sphincter contraction, relaxation of wall smooth muscle

35
Q

What does Vasoactive intestinal peptide do in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle, increase secretions

36
Q

What does gastrin releasing peptide do?

A

Increases gastrin secretion

37
Q

What neurons release ACH?

A

Cholinergic neurons

38
Q

What releases vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

Neurons of the enteric nervous system

39
Q

What releases gastrin releasing peptide?

A

vagal neurons of gastric mucosa

40
Q

What are the two types of spontaneous oscillations of VSMC RMP?

A

Slow waves or basic electrical rhythm

41
Q

What causes the spontaneous oscillations in VSMC?

A

Variations of Ca and K conductances

42
Q

What initiates the Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER)?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal, which are pacemakers cells that send long branched processes into the VSMC

43
Q

How does the ANS influence activity of the VSMC?

A
  • ACh increases the BER amplitude, the number of spike potentials, and VSMC tension
  • NE as the reverse effect on these parameters
  • neither affects the BER frequency
44
Q

What are the 3 digestive phases?

A

Cephalexin
Gastric
Early and late intestinal

45
Q

What regulates migrating motor complex?

A

“Candidate” hormone motilin

46
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

Cyclical pattern of motor activity designed to removed indigested material from the stomach

47
Q

What is the cephalexin phase of digestion?

A

The autonomic and endocrine reflexes that are triggered by anticipation of eating and the initial sensory contact with food.
Serves to prepare the GI tract

48
Q

What is responsible for activation of the cephalexin phase? How?

A

PNS efferents are responsible for activation

-PNS activity increases secretion of saliva, gastric acid, gastrin, and pancreatic enzymes

49
Q

What is the site of formation of saliva?

A

Acinar glands

50
Q

What does alpha amylase do in saliva?

A

Starts starch digestion

51
Q

What does lingual lipase do in saliva?

A

Start fat digestion

52
Q

Saliva is hyper/hypotonic to water?

A

Hypotonic

53
Q

How do Na, Cl, K, and HCO3 levels in saliva compare to plasma?

A
  • Na and Cl concentrations are less in the saliva than plasma
  • K and HCO3 levels are higher in saliva than plasma
54
Q

What is the salivary center in the medulla stimulated by?

A

Taste , smell, and tactile stimulation

55
Q

How do ACh and CIP from PNS nerve ending affect salivation?

A
  • Increase saliva secretion
  • vasodilation
  • Salivary duct dilation
  • Secretion of amylase and mucous
56
Q

What mediates the relaxation of the LES?

A

VIP

57
Q

What is Achalasia?

A

When the LES fails to relax during swallowing so food accumulates in the esophagus dilating the organ

58
Q

What can cause achalasia?

A

Degeneration of the myenteric plexus, defective release of NO and VIP

Physiology 2 (13 decks)

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