Exam 1: Intro To Renal Function Flashcards
What can cause negative sodium and water balance?
Diarrhea, diuretic medication, and insufficient aldosterone
What can cause positive water and sodium balances?
Excess steroids, CHF, and salt retaining disease
What part of the kidney are the renal pyramids in?
The medulla
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
What drains Bowman’s capsule?
The proximal tubule
What part of the nephron generates osmotic gradients in the medulla that allow kidney to concentrate the urine?
Loop of Henle
What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Where the thick ascending lumb passes between afferent and efferent arterioles
What controls the water permeability in the collecting duct?
Vasopressin (ADH)
What are the cortical nephrons?
They have their glomeruli in the outer cortex. They have short LOHs and do not extend into the inner medulla
What are the juxtamedullary nephrons?
Goleruli near the cortocomedullary border. They have long LOH and extend deep into the inner medulla
The ability to produce concentrated urine is proportional to the number of what?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What are the 3 layers that make up the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle?
The capillary endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane, and the visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Helps control GFR and controls renin secretion (blood pressure and volume)
Where are the mesangial cells and what do they do?
Between capillary loops, they contract in response to the hormone angiotensin II
What is the Vasa recta?
Specialized peri-tubular capillaries of juxtamedullary nephrons that follow the LOH. They supplt nutrients to the medullary tissue and important for recovery of water
What kind of innervation do renal nerves have?
Sympathetic (release NE and dopamine)
-Parasympathetic innervation is absent
What kind of receptors are found on the afferent and efferent arterioles?
Alpha 1
What does sympathetic stimulation do to the kidneys?
Tends to reduce renal blood flow and GFR, but the simultaneous release of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGI2 oppose alpha mediated vasoconstriction, melanin reductions in RBF and GFR are minimized.
What is released when the B1 receptors of granular cells are stimulated?
Renin is released
What is glomerular filtration and what is the normal rate?
The production of protein-free filtrate.
Normal is 120-125 ml/min
Do nephrons function in parallel or series?
Parallel
Do the arterioles and capillary beds function in parallel or series?
In series
