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Physiology 2 > Exam 3: Pancreas > Flashcards

Exam 3: Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common endocrine cell type?

A

Beta cells

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2
Q

What are islets of langerhans?

A

Islands of endocrine cells in a sea of exocrine tissue

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3
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

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4
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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5
Q

What does Amylin do?

A

Act on the CNS to suppress appetite

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6
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibit digestive function

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7
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

Reduces appetite and food intake

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8
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

Stimulates appetite

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9
Q

In insulin synthesis, pro insulin is cleaved into what?

A

Insulin and C-peptide

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10
Q

What is C peptide useful for?

A

It is a marker of insulin production and B-cell function

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11
Q

Describe how Glucose triggers insulin release?

A

-Glucose enters via GLUT2 facilitated diffusion. Glucose reacts with PO4 to form glucose 6 phosphate. G6P forms ATP, and ATP is going to close the K channel. More K in the cell depolarizes the cell, opening Ca channels. Calcium enters the cell and triggers insulin exocytosis.

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12
Q

What does GLUT 1 do?

A

Transports glucose across the BBB

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13
Q

What does GLUT2 do?

A

Transports glucose in kidney and intestine

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14
Q

What does GLUT 3 do?

A

Transports glucose in neurons

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15
Q

What does GLUT4 do?

A

Insulin dependent transporter in most other cells of the body (adipose and resting muscle cells)

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16
Q

What is type 1DM?

A

Insulin dependent, due to lack of insulin secretion.

  • Autoimmune: T lymphocytes destroy B cells
  • Idiopathic or environmental cause
17
Q

What is type II DM?

A

Tissue resistance to insulin, often the result of lifestyle choices

18
Q

How can Diabetes be diagnosed with fasting plasma glucose?

A
  • Normal: <110
  • Borderline: 110-125
  • Confirmed DM: >126
19
Q

How can DM be diagnosed with oral glucose tolerance test?

A
  • Ingest 75mg of glucose within 5 minutes and measure glucose at 60 and 120 minutes.
  • 1 hr: < 180 is normal
  • 2hr: <140 is normal
20
Q

How does chronic DM result in dehydration?

A

Chronic hyperglycemia, so more glucose in the urine. Glucose draws more water into the urine (osmotic diuretic) and excess fluid is lost

21
Q

What happens to lipid in chronic DM?

A

Large scale mobilization of fatty acids from TG stores. Hepatic use of fatty acids results in ketosis, which can disrupt blood pH and result in metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory ventilation may increase in an attempt to vent CO2.
Severe acidosis may depress brain function, resulting in coma and death

22
Q

What happens to proteins in chronic DM?

A

-Lack of insulin results in a shift toward more protein catabolism. Muscle atrophy and weight loss occurs. Excess blood amino acids shift toward greater gluconeogenesis in the liver, contributing to the existing hyperglycemia

23
Q

How can insulin cause hypoglycemia?

A
  • Insulin overdose

- Reactive hypoglycemia: an extreme response to glucose, B-cells release too much insulin

24
Q

If insulin excess is due to medications, what should be done?

A

A sugary snack will recover normal blood glucose. However if it is reactive hypoglycemia, a sugar snack can be dangerous

25
Q

What two things inhibit glucagon?

A

High glucose and somatostatin

26
Q

What 3 things stimulate glucagon?

A

Low glucose, epinephrine, and vagal stimulation

27
Q

What is incretin (GLP1)?

A

A product of glucagon synthesis, it is released from intestine in response to high glucose levels in the intestine. It increases insulin release from B-cells.

28
Q

What is glucagons main function?

A

Targets the liver to stimulate hepatic glucose output to increased plasma glucose levels

29
Q

What is somatostatin stimulated by?

A

High fat, carbs, and protein rich meals

30
Q

What is the main function of somatostatin?

A

Inhibit release of insulin and glucagon by hyperpolarizing the B and Alpha cells

31
Q

How does epi affect blood glucose?

A

Increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Decrease insulin secretion
Increase glucagon secretion

32
Q

How does cortisol affect blood glucose?

A
  • increased gluconeogenesis
  • decreased glucose uptake in tissues other than the brain
  • promotes glycogenolysis in the liver in early stage fasting, and glycogen synthesis in late stage fasting
33
Q

How does growth hormone affect blood sugar?

A
  • decreased glucose uptake by muscle

- increased glucose sparing

34
Q

How does growth hormone affect fatty acids?

A

Increase lipolysis

35
Q

How does growth hormone affect amino acids?

A

Increase uptake into cells, decreased blood amino acids

36
Q

How does growth hormone affect muscle protein?

A

Increase protein synthesis, decrease protein degradation, increase DNA and RNA synthesis

37
Q

Where does glucose detection occur in the CNS?

A

Arcuate nucleus

Physiology 2 (13 decks)

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