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A&P > exam 4 in class quizzes > Flashcards

exam 4 in class quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 things happen during dark adaptation? which is fastest?

A
  1. pupil dilates (fastest)
  2. function circuitry of the brain changes so the brain starts paying attention to rods
  3. the all trans retinal from the rods is converted back to II-cis retinal in the pigmented retina
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2
Q

what is produced by the ceruminous glands?

A

ear wax- modified sebum

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3
Q

ganglion cells synapse in which thalamic nucleus?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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4
Q

what is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on on-center bipolar cells? What type of receptor is it?

A

-mGluR6 receptor
-Gi protein coupled receptor

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5
Q

what is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on off-center bipolar cells? what type of receptor is it?

A

-AMPA glutamate receptor
-non-specific ion channel

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6
Q

scientific name for eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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7
Q

name of membrane separating the middle and inner ear that is in contact with one of the auditory ossicles

A

oval window

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8
Q

2 terms for visible part of external ear

A

-pinna
-auricle

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9
Q

list auditory ossicles from most external to most internal

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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10
Q

what are the 2 names for the tube that connects middle ear to nasopharynx? purpose of tube?

A

-eustachian or auditory tube
-equalizes pressure between middle ear and outer ear/atmosphere

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?

A

-simplify the vibration in tympanic membrane
-cut the oval window

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12
Q

at the optic chiasm…

A

all axons from ganglion cells on the medial side of the retina cross to the contralateral side of the brain

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13
Q

the cochlear ducts are filled with ___________ which is high in ____________

A

endolymph, potassium

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14
Q

the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are connected at the ____________, located at the apex of the cochlea

A

helicotrema

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15
Q

what is actin bound to specifically in smooth muscle

A

dense bodies

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16
Q

what term is used to mean that a muscle partly, but not fully, relaxes before contracting again, then partly relaxes before contracting again and so forth for a period of time?

A

unfused tetanus

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17
Q

what term is used to mean that a muscle stays fully contracted for a period of time?

A

fused tetanus

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18
Q

most common to least common types of fatigue

A

most: central command fatigue,
muscle fatigue,
least: synaptic fatigue

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19
Q

3 ways a skeletal muscle can phosphorylate ADP fastest to slowest

A

fastest: phosphocreatine,
glycolysis,
slowest: oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

3 ways a skeletal muscle can phosphorylate ADP most to least efficient. how many ATP molecules can you get from each?

A

most efficient: oxidative phosphorylation (36 atp/glucose),
glycolysis (2 atp/glucose),
least efficient: phosphocreatine (1 atp/phosphocreatine)

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21
Q

what happens in synaptic fatigue

A

the motor neuron releases ACh faster than it can be made (usually the result of disease that reduces the neuron’s ability to make ACh)

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22
Q

a person who eats a standard diet of 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 20% from protein, and 30% from fat runs a marathon in 4.5 hours. What would be true about the fuel this person’s skeletal muscles use to generate ATP, assuming they consumed no calories during the race?

A

in the first two hours, the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to using fatty acids.

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23
Q

at a skeletal muscle’s optimum length for contraction…

A

all the myosin heads are next to actin

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24
Q

if a skeletal muscle is shorter than its optimum length for contraction …. (select all that apply)

A

-the actin molecules may be bumping up against each other or overlapping
-titin is being compressed

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25
Q

the constant tension maintained in a skeletal muscle by keeping some muscle fibers in tetanus is called..?

A

muscle tone

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26
Q

what binds to myosin light-chain kinase to activate this enzyme in smooth muscle cells?

A

Ca++ calmodulin complex

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27
Q

what does calcium bind to in smooth muscle that leads to contractions?

A

calmodulin

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28
Q

compared to normal, during muscle fatigue

A

Ca++ levels are higher in the cytoplasm

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29
Q

smooth muscle contraction is _________ skeletal muscle contraction

A

slower than

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30
Q

which fibers tend to be larger (in diameter)?

A

Type IIb fibers

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31
Q

which type of contraction is most likely to cause skeletal muscle hypertrophy?

A

eccentric contraction

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32
Q

which type of fiber would fatigue the quickest?

A

Type IIb fibers, bc they run out of substrate

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33
Q

Which type of fiber would have the most glycogen?

A

Type IIb fibers

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34
Q

which type of fiber would have the most mitochondria?

A

Type I fibers

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35
Q

Which type of fiber would have the most myoglobin?

A

Type I fibers

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36
Q

during muscle fatigue, there is a substantial decrease in ATP in the cell

A

false

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37
Q

in a resting smooth muscle cell, tropomyosin covers the active sites on actin

A

false

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38
Q

skeletal muscle fibers can change their phenotype

A

true

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39
Q

smooth muscle cells have T-tubules

A

false

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40
Q

the muscles for eye movement only have fast-glycolytic fibers

A

false; they MOSTLY have them

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41
Q

the myosin head has high affinity for actin in a smooth muscle cell when the light chains of myosin are…?

A

phosphorylated

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42
Q

a skeletal muscle cell that is not fatigued ….

A

will always generate the same tension in response to a single action potential

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43
Q

at any point in the cross-bridge cycle, the myosin head has…

A

about equal affinity for ADP and ATP

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44
Q

delayed onset muscle soreness is caused by…

A

microtears in the muscle and inflammation

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45
Q

The semicircular canals are all at right angles to eachother

A

true

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46
Q

there are action potentials being fired in vestibular afferents when the stereocilia of a vestibular hair cell are pointing straight up

A

true

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47
Q

there is a form of lateral inhibition in the auditory system

A

true

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48
Q

higher frequency sound waves cause the basilar membrane closer to the ___________ to vibrate

A

oval window

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49
Q

our sensation of sound comes from the activation of….?

A

inner hair cells

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50
Q

when the stereocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest stereocilia…

A

-the tip links pull on the potassium channels
-hair cell depolarizes

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51
Q

head tilt is detected in the ….?

A

utricle (oriented in horizontal plane)

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52
Q

the ____________ tells you if you are falling

A

saccule

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53
Q

hair cells release

A

glutamate

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54
Q

The stereocilia of auditory hair cells project toward the ___________ membrane

A

tectorial

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55
Q

If the semi-circular canal above started to spin in a counterclockwise direction the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would…..

A

be deflected to the left

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56
Q

if the semicircular canal above continued to spin in a counterclockwise direction at the same angle and speed, after a few seconds the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would….

A

not be deflected

57
Q

if the semicircular canal above suddenly stopped a counterclockwise rotation, the stereocilia of the hair cells in the cupula would….

A

be deflected to the right

58
Q

what brain location is responsible for the reflex of a sudden loud sound causing a person to look toward the sound?

A

inferior colliculus

59
Q

some people feel motion sickness when there is a disconnect between which two senses?

A

vision + vestibular system

60
Q

what three things does the vestibular system detect?

A
  1. falling in the saccule
  2. acceleration
  3. head-tilt
61
Q

what three senses give us our sense of posture and movement?

A
  1. vestibular system
  2. vision
  3. proprioception
62
Q

what is the purpose of outer hair cells? how does this work?

A

-protect inner hair cells from overstimulation
-important for localizing vibrations in the basilar membrane for the correct frequency
-do this by pushing up on the tectorial membrane when the vibrations are very strong to prevent overstimulation, and pushing up on the tectorial membrane on either side of the area of maximum vibration to help localize for frequency

63
Q

most wavelengths of visible light activate more than one type of cone

A

true

64
Q

different types of cones have different forms of ..?

A

opsin

65
Q

near-sightedness is associated with…?

A

too much refraction

66
Q

the perception of color comes from

A

cones

67
Q

which have a greater number of photopigments?

A

rods

68
Q

which is quicker? dark or light adaptation

A

light adaptation

69
Q

the fovea centralis has..?

A

only cones

70
Q

the highest concentration of mitochondria in a photoreceptor is found in the…?

A

inner segment

71
Q

which nerve innervates the ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

oculomotor nerve

72
Q

which receptor for epinephrine would you find on the ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

the beta-2 adrenergic receptor

73
Q

which receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system would you find on the ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

the M3 muscarinic receptor

74
Q

of the cells in the retina, actions potentials can be fired by…?

A

ganglion cells only

75
Q

humans perceive different wavelengths of visible light as different…?

A

colors

76
Q

aging is associated with a loss of _________ fibers throughout the body, including in the lens of the eye

A

elastic

77
Q

what is the name of the photopigment in the human eye and what are the two components of this photopigment? which is a receptor and which is the ligand?

A

rhodopsin

opsin-receptor
retinal-ligand

78
Q

activation of odorant receptors leads to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of a nonspecific cation channel

A

false

79
Q

most of our sense of taste comes from activation of olfactory receptors

A

true

80
Q

olfactory hairs are normally covered in mucus

A

true

81
Q

one neuron will innervate several skeletal muscle fibers

A

true

82
Q

one skeletal muscle fiber will be innervated by several neurons

A

false

83
Q

one type of odorant receptor will bind more than one type of odorant

A

true

84
Q

one type of odorant will bind to more than one type of odorant receptor

A

true

85
Q

some second order olfactory neurons project directly to cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus

A

true

86
Q

the mechanism of release of paracrine agent by taste cells is very similar to the mechanism of neurotransmitter release from neurons

A

true

87
Q

the primary odorant in bananas and the primary odorant in beaver musk can activate some of the same receptors

A

true

88
Q

receptors for somatic sensation are important to our sense of taste

A

true

89
Q

first order olfactory neurons ____________ onto second order neurons

A

converge

90
Q

the fluid in the t-tubules is high in ….?

A

sodium

91
Q

the Golf protein is most similar to…?

A

Gs proteins

92
Q

protein kinase A phosphorylates a _______________ channel in umami taste cells

A

calcium

93
Q

phosphorylation of the above channel in the umami taste cell causes the channel to ..?

A

close

94
Q

activation of the umami receptor causes the above channel to be …?

A

dephosphorylated

95
Q

protein kinase A phosphorylates a _____________ channel in sweet taste cells

A

potassium

96
Q

phosphorylation of the above channel in the sweet taste cell causes the channel to …?

A

close

97
Q

activation of the sweet receptor causes the above channel to be..?

A

phosphorylated

98
Q

there are most different types of receptors for …?

A

bitter

99
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the inferior surface of the tongue?

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

100
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the soft palate and pharynx?

A

the vagus nerve

101
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the superior surface of the tongue?

A

the facial nerve

102
Q

taste cells and found on/in (select all)

A

-the palate
-the pharynx
-the tongue

103
Q

what is the scientific name for taste

A

gustation

104
Q

what is the scientific name for smell

A

olfaction

105
Q

what is the proposed paracrine agent that is released by taste cells onto their sensory afferents?

A

ATP

106
Q

what is the purpose of lingual papillae in humans according to the video?

A

to increase surface area for taste buds/cells

107
Q

what is the purpose of the taste hairs?

A

increase the surface area for taste receptor proteins

108
Q

first order taste afferents synapse in which nucleus in the brain?

A

the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)

109
Q

second order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in which thalamic nucleus?

A

ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus

110
Q

First order olfactory neurons synapse in which area of the brain?

A

olfactory bulb

111
Q

what are two names for the second order neurons in the olfactory pathway?

A

mitral or tufted cells

112
Q

besides projecting to the cerebral cortex and thalamus, what 3 other brain regions can second order olfactory neurons project to? what role does olfactory information play in each of these regions?

A

-hippocampus- odor memory
-hypothalamus- sexual arousal, hunger
-amygdala- emotional aspects of odor/smell (primarily fear in animals)

113
Q

what six factors affect our olfactory discrimination?

A
  1. attentiveness
  2. hunger
  3. biological sex
  4. cigarette smoking
  5. age
  6. state of olfactory mucosa
114
Q

four properties of all muscle

A
  1. contraction
  2. excitable
  3. extensible
  4. elastic
115
Q

what are the three proteins found in the thin myofilament?

A
  1. actin
  2. tropomyosin
  3. troponin
116
Q

what are the two proteins found in the thick myofilament?

A
  1. myosin light chain
  2. myosin heavy chain
117
Q

the myosin head has binding sites for which three molecules?

A
  1. myosin light chain
  2. actin
  3. ATP/ADP
118
Q

during the contraction phase of a skeletal muscle twitch, all the active sites on actin are exposed in the cells

A

true

119
Q

L-type calcium channels are present throughout the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell

A

false

120
Q

more calcium enters the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum than from the extracellular fluid in response to an action potential in skeletal muscle cell

A

true

121
Q

there are voltage gated sodium channels in the t-tubules

A

true

122
Q

the lag phase is longer in a …

A

isotonic contraction

123
Q

which phase in longer in an isometric skeletal muscle contraction?

A

relaxation phase

124
Q

during contraction…?

A

the I band and the H zone get shorter

125
Q

each thick myofilament is in contact with how many thin myofilament?

A

6

126
Q

each thin myofilament is in contact with how many thick myofilaments

A

3

127
Q

a single alpha motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a ___?

A

motor unit

128
Q

nerve gas blocks

A

acetylcholinesterase

129
Q

the time between when you get an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell or alpha motor neuron to the start of contraction is called the ______________?

A

lag phase/latent period

130
Q

paralytic drugs are usually _______ receptor ___________

A

nicotinic receptors antagonists

131
Q

botulinum toxin cause the breakdown of what proteins?

A

SNARE proteins in neuromuscular junction

132
Q

what is the post-synaptic density called in a skeletal muscle cell?

A

motor end plate

133
Q

what is the segment of a skeletal muscle cell that goes from one Z disk to the next Z disk called?

A

sarcomere

134
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by alpha motor neurons

A

ACh

135
Q

what protein was mentioned as contributing to the extensibility and elasticity of skeletal muscle, as well as helping to keep myosin in register in the myofibril?

A

titin

136
Q

what receptor for neurotransmitter is present on skeletal muscle cells?

A

nicotinc receptors

137
Q

what is the name of the two calcium binding proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is their purpose?

A

-calreticulin and calsequestrian
-decrease conc. of Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow more Ca to be pumped and stored in organelle

138
Q

what are the three subunits of troponin and what do each of the subunits do?

A
  1. I- actin
  2. T- tropomyosin
  3. C- calcium
139
Q

in population coding, if i want to increase the tension developed in a muscle, what does the body do?

A

recruit more motor units

A&P (7 decks)

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