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A&P > exam 2 quiz compilation > Flashcards

exam 2 quiz compilation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the term for what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell?

A

signal transduction

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2
Q

what is the term for a drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction?

A

agonist

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3
Q

what receptor signaling pathway involves a cascade of phosphorylation?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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4
Q

what enzyme converts cAMP into AMP, thus inactivating it?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

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5
Q

state two types of receptors that are themselves enzymes

A

-receptor tyrosine kinase
-guanylyl cyclase receptors

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6
Q

what are the substrate and products of the rxn catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase? be sure to say which is the substrate and which are the products.

A

GTP (substrate) -> guanylyl cyclase -> cGMP (product)

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7
Q

what is the advantage of having so many steps in the signal transduction pathway of many of the receptors?

A

it allows for amplification of the response

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8
Q

the difference in charge between two locations is called the ..?

A

voltage

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9
Q

what chemicals are produced when cyclooxygenase enzymes are activated?

A

prostaglandins

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10
Q

what enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from a membrane phospholipid?

A

phospholipase A2

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11
Q

what protein does calcium bind to in order to activate a specific protein kinase?

A

calmodulin

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12
Q

what are the organs of the central nervous system?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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13
Q

what are the two sources for the calcium that can enter the cytosol of cells?

A

-extracellular fluid
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

what are the three components of a synapse?

A

-presynaptic terminal
-synaptic cleft
-postsynaptic density

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15
Q

what are the three types of synapses based on the location of the synapse on the post-synaptic cell?

A

-axodendritic synapse
-axosomatic synapse
-axoaxonic synapse

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16
Q

how does the concentration of first messenger at a receptor decrease over time?

A

-diffusion out of local area
-taken up by cells
-enzymes degrade the messenger

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17
Q

how does phosphorylation of receptors reduce the activity of the signal transduction pathway?

A

-receptor could lose affinity for its 1st and/or 2nd messengers
-phosphorylation can target the receptor for endocytosis

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18
Q

where are ryanodine receptors located?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

draw a neuron

A

terms included:
-axon hillock
-dendrites
-soma
-axon
-axon collateral
-axon terminal

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20
Q

5 types of glial cells

A
  1. Schwann Cell
  2. oligodendrocyte
  3. astrocyte
  4. microglia
  5. ependymal cells
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21
Q

schwann cell

A

-make myelin in the peripheral nervous system

22
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

makes myelin in the CNS

23
Q

astrocyte

A

-regulate potassium and neurotransmitter conc. in extracellular fluid (CSF in brain)
-helps to form blood/brain barrier

24
Q

microglia

A

immune function for the CNS

25
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles and make CSF

26
Q

what two factors determine the driving force for ions

A

concentration gradients
electrical gradients

27
Q

what equation can be used to determine the equilibrium potential for an ion?

A

nernst equation

28
Q

if you decrease the extracellular concentration of the above cation, what will happen to its equilibrium potential?

A

less positive

29
Q

what happens to potassiums equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of potassium in the cell?

A

it becomes more negative

30
Q

what happens to sodiums equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of sodium outside the cell?

A

it becomes more positive

31
Q

if an anion has a higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell, the anions equilibrium potential will be

A

negative

32
Q

at the RMP, which ion has the greater driving force?

A

sodium

33
Q

assuming the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium, at the RMP

A

the inward flux of sodium equals the outward flux of potassium

34
Q

if more potassium leaves the cell than sodium comes in, assuming those two are the only permeable ions, then the membrane potential will

A

become more negative

35
Q

if the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for sodium?

A

increase

36
Q

if the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for potassium?

A

decrease

37
Q

if a cell does not regulate chloride concentrations, then the equilibrium potential for chloride equals the RMP in that cell

A

true

38
Q

the concentration of potassium is the same in the CSF and the blood

A

false

39
Q

if you increase the potassium permeability, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

hyperpolarize

40
Q

if you increase the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential

A

hyperpolarize

41
Q

if you increase the intracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

hyperpolarize

42
Q

changing the extracellular concentration of ________ has a bigger impact on the RMP

A

potassium

43
Q

the movement of charge in neurons is faster than the diffusion of ions

A

true

44
Q

when a sodium channel opens in a graded potential this cause the flux of potassium out of the cell to increase

A

true

45
Q

at the RMP…

A

-the voltage gated potassium channel is closed
-the voltage gated sodium channel is closed

46
Q

during the depolarization phase of the action potential

A

-the voltage gated potassium channel is closed
-the voltage gated sodium channel is open

47
Q

during the repolarization phase of the action potential

A

-the voltage gated potassium channel is open
-the voltage gated sodium channel is inactivated

48
Q

during the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential

A

-the voltage gated potassium channel is open
-the voltage gated sodium channel is closed

49
Q

depolarization causes

A

-the activation gate of the sodium channel to open
-the inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close
-the potassium channel to open

50
Q

repolarization/hyperpolarization causes

A

-the activation gate of the sodium channel to close
-the inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open
-the potassium channel to close

A&P (7 decks)

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