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A&P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-released from cholinergic neurons
-major NT in peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular junction
-acts on 2 receptor subtypes to exert dif. effects (nicotinic and muscarinic)

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2
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

-stimulatory
-ionotropic

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3
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

-stimulatory or inhibitory
-metabotropic *Giq protein linked

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4
Q

acetylcholinerase

A

-in the post-synaptic membrane
-converts ACh to choline and acetic acid
-choline taken up and combined with acetyl-CoA and repackaged

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5
Q

biogenic amines- catecholamines specifically

A

-dopamine
-serotonin
-noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons

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6
Q

dopamine

A

involved in reward and movement pathways

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7
Q

noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons

A

-act on 5 types of metabotropic receptors (adrenergic receptors)
-alpha 1, 2, and beta 1,2,3
-major NT of sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

serotonin

A

-serotonergic neurons
-function in motor activity, sleep, food intake, reproductive behaviors, bone remodeling, and emotional states

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9
Q

percentages of serotonin found across the body

A

-90% digestive tract
-8% found in platelets

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10
Q

glutamate

A

-glutamatergic neurons
- predominant excitatory NT in CNS

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11
Q

ionotropic

A

-excitatory post synaptic potential (epsp)
-AMPA and NMDA
-channel-linked

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12
Q

AMPA

A

-non-selective cation channel

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13
Q

NMDA

A

-Ca++ channel

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14
Q

metabotropic

A

-8 subtypes
-use g-proteins and second messengers
-Gq, Gi

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15
Q

GABA

A

-GABAnergic receptors
-predominant inhibitory NT in brain

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16
Q

glycine

A

-glycinergic neurons
-one ionotropic receptor
(Cl- channel) IPSP of stabilizing current
-inhibitory

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17
Q

what do neuropeptides mostly act as?

A

neuromodulators

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18
Q

endogenous opioids

A

-(beta-endorphin, dynorphin, enkephalins)
-acts presynaptically to reduce painful stimuli reaching consciousness
-plays a role in eating, drinking, regulation of cardiovascular system, and in emotion

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18
Q

substance p

A

-released from pain sensory neurons into the CNS
-appear to enhance painful stimuli perception

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19
Q

peripheral nervous system divisions

A

-afferent
-efferent

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20
Q

afferent division

A

somatic, visceral, special sensory

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21
Q

efferent division

A

somatic motor, autonomic motor, sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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22
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-involuntary/visceral
-maintain optimal internal environment
-sensory + motor
-3 divisions- sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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23
Q

enteric

A

-“the brain of the gut”
-can autonomously regulate primary and accessory digestive organs
-influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, but outside aren’t necessary

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24
Q

somatic nervous system effector organs

A

CNS -> skeletal muscle

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25
Q

autonomic nervous system effector organs

A

CNS -> smooth cardiac muscles, glands, or other cells
-uses preganglionic fiber, ganglion, then postganglionic fiber

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26
Q

what innervates most internal organs?

A

parasympathetic

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27
Q

where do parasympathetic fibers arise from?

A

-brain stem
-cranial nerves: III oculomotor, VII facial, IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus

-sacral spinal cord S2, S3, S4

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28
Q

what does the sympathetic directly regulate?

A

-cardiovascular system
-can indirectly affect other organs thru actions on blood vessels and release of epinephrine + norepinephrine from adrenal medulla

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29
Q

sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar division- ganglia near spinal cord

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30
Q

parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral division- ganglia near or within wall of target organ

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31
Q

3 types of routes that can be taken by sympathetic axons

A
  1. spinal nerves
  2. sympathetic nerves
  3. splanchnic nerves
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32
Q

spinal nerve route

A
  1. preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horn
  2. myelinated axons exit the ventral motor root
  3. they enter the sympathetic chain through the white ramus communicans
  4. the preganglionic axon synapses with postganglionic neurons in the simple chain ganglia
    5.unmyelinated axons exit ganglia thru grey ramus communicans and re enter the spinal nerves
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33
Q

sympathetic nerve route

A

1.preganglionic axons exit the ventral motor root
2.they enter the sympathetic chain thru the white ramus communicans
3.the preganglionic axon synapses with the postganglionic neurons and exit the ganglia thru a sympathetic nerve

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34
Q

splanchnic nerves route

A
  1. preganglionic axons pass through sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing to form splanchnic nerves
  2. preganglionic axons then synapse with postganglionic neurons in prevertebral (collateral) ganglia. Post ganglionic neurons then send fibers to target organs (viscera)
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35
Q

innervation to adrenal gland route

A
  1. preganglionic axons synapse directly with the cells of the adrenal medulla
  2. embryologically, adrenal medulla is derived from same cells as post ganglionic ANS cells
  3. medullary cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine; act as hormones supporting physical activity
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36
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic organization

A

hypothalamus->brain stem->effector organs->spinal cord->effector organs

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37
Q

what do some sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

A

acetylcholine

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38
Q

both branches use ACh to act on…?

A

muscarinic receptors in the ganglia

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39
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh to act on…?

A

muscarinic receptors in the target organ

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40
Q

what do sympathetic postganglionic neurons usually release? and what does it act on?

A

-norepinephrine
-acts on either alpha or beta-adrenergic receptors

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41
Q

what is often also released from the postganglionic neuron?

A

-cotransmitters
-play a small role in effector response

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42
Q

what are cells of the adrenal medulla more like?

A

-sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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43
Q

sympathetic

A

-“fight or flight”
-stimulated by stress
-readies body for physical activity
-diffuse stimulation of organs

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44
Q

parasympathetic

A

-“rest and digest”
-coordinates processes needed for basic survival
-fine control over individual organ systems

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45
Q

do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems both work at the same time?

A

-both will always have some sort of activity at any given time

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46
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1, 2, beta 1, 2, 3

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47
Q

alpha 1

A

-contractile effects
-norepinephrine/epinephrine on smooth muscle (blood vessels, urogenital, sphincters)

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48
Q

alpha 2

A

-inhibit norepinephrine release

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49
Q

beta 1

A

stimulatory effects of norepinephrine/epinephrine in the heart to increase heart rate and force of heart contractions

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50
Q

beta 2

A

-relaxing effects of predominately epinephrine on smooth muscle (gastrointestinal tract, urogenital, airway)

51
Q

beta 3

A

-involved in lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and thermogenesis

52
Q

blood-brain barrier contains

A

tight junction, astrocytes, and carrier mediated transport

53
Q

sensory system

A

-parts of CNS that process
-neural pathway
-receptor

54
Q

stimulus in a sensory system

A

-graded potential (receptor potential)
-action potential in afferent

55
Q

sensory unit

A

single afferent neuron w/ all its receptor endings

56
Q

receptive field

A

-area of body that when stimulated leads to activity in a particular afferent neuron

56
Q

can receptive fields overlap?

A

receptive fields for nearby neurons overlap

57
Q

signal transduction

A

-when a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response- sensory transduction

58
Q

signal transduction receptors

A

-many receptors that each respond to a different stimulus
-some receptors more picky than others
-adequate stimulus is what activates a receptor

59
Q

can receptors respond to stimuli other than their adequate stimulus?

A

-yes. but only if the signal is intense enough
-receptors can only code one sensation though

60
Q

how does all sensory transduction begin?

A

-with opening or closing of an ion channel (direct or indirect)

61
Q

where are ion channels located?

A

on distal tip of axon or on a receptor cell

62
Q

receptor potential

A

graded potential produced by ion channels

63
Q

the greater the graded potential is above threshold…

A

the greater the frequency of action potentials

64
Q

the magnitude of graded potential depends on…

A

1.stimulus strength
2.rate of change of stimulus strength
3.adaptation
4.temporal summation of successive receptor potentials

65
Q

coding

A

converting stimulus energy to a signal the CNS can interpret

66
Q

coding signals

A
  1. modality
  2. intensity
  3. location
  4. acuity
67
Q

location in coding

A

afferents follow unique pathways to specific areas of CNS

68
Q

lateral inhibition

A

-enhances contrast
-utilized to greatest degree in pathways providing the most acuity
-not used as much in pain and temperature
-VERY IMPORTANT in visual activity

69
Q

lateral inhibition- rapidly adapting receptors

A

-on-receptor
-off-receptor

70
Q

sensory pathway

A

-bundle of parallel, three-neuron chains together
-1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order

71
Q

specific ascending sensory pathways

A

carry one type of information

72
Q

where does sensory information usually cross over to?

A

the opposite side of brain from where it originated

73
Q

nonspecific ascending pathways

A

-utilize polymodal neurons
-control alertness and arousal

74
Q

somatic sensation

A

sensations arising from skin

75
Q

somatic sensation receptor thingies

A
  1. meissners corpuscle
  2. merkles corpuscle
  3. free nerve ending
  4. pacinian corpuscle
  5. ruffini corpuscle
76
Q

meissners corpuscle

A

-rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor
*touch and pressure

77
Q

merkles corpuscle

A

-slowly adapting mechanoreceptor
*touch and pressure

78
Q

free nerve ending

A

-slowly adapting, some nocireceptors, some thermoreceptors, some mechanoreceptors

79
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

-rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor vibration and deep pressure

80
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptor- skin stretch

81
Q

variety of mechanoreceptors

A

-hair bending
-deep pressure
-vibrations
-superficial touch

82
Q

how mechanoreceptor works

A
  1. mechanical tension in capsule
  2. opening of ion channel
  3. activation of neuron
83
Q

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors

A

touch, movement, vibration

83
Q

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

A

pressure

84
Q

mechanoreceptors (proprioceptors)

A

-found in muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, skin, vestibular system, vision

85
Q

temperature + nociceptors

A

extremes in temperature activate pain receptors

86
Q

0-35 degrees C (cold)

A

-nonselective cation channel
-menthol

87
Q

30-50 degrees C (hot)

A

-nonselective cation channel
-capsaicin and ethanol

88
Q

nociceptors

A

-intense mechanical deformation
-excessive heat or cold

89
Q

chemical involved with nociceptors

A

-bradykinin
-prostaglandin
-histamine
-cytokines
-neuropeptides

90
Q

what are glutamate and substance P related to?

A

transmission of pain info into CNS

91
Q

why is pain in visceral organs perceived as pain in skin or skeletal muscles?

A

because visceral organ nociceptor afferents often synapse on same interneurons in spinal cord as skin nociceptor afferents

92
Q

what do painful stimuli cause?

A

upregulation of receptors and hyperalgesia

93
Q

anterolateral system

A

-carries pain and temp. info from skin to brain

94
Q

dorsal column system

A

-receptors for body movement, limb positions, fine touch discrimination, and pressure

95
Q

is there overlap in somatosensory cortex?

A

-yes
-sizes of areas can change with sensory experience

96
Q

tarsal gland/meibomian glands

A

-specialized sebaceous glands produce sebum

Function: -forms junction between conjunctiva and skin
-prevents tears from flowing over eyelid margin
-a component of tear film on anterior surface of eye
-retards tear evaporation

97
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

-parasympathetic fibers of facial nerve VII

98
Q

lacrimal gland

A

-innervated by parasympathetic fibers of facial nerve VII

Function:-moisten and lubricate the eye surface and eyelids
-produces tears
-kill bacteria

99
Q

puncta + lacrimal canaliculi

A

-collect excess tears through puncta

100
Q

lacrimal sac

A

-leads to nasolacrimal duct which opens into nasal cavity

101
Q

conjunctiva

A

-very vascular
-thin mucous membrane
-lines posterior surface of eyelids+anterior surface of eyeball (non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
-2 PARTS
*palpebral conjunctiva
*ocular or bulbar conjunctiva

102
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

-closely attached
-“inside” layer of eyelid (palebrae)

103
Q

ocular or bulbar conjunctiva

A

-thin, translucent
-loosely attached to sclera by connective tissue

104
Q

3 layers of the eye!

A
  1. fibrous
  2. vascular
  3. nervous
105
Q

fibrous layer

A

sclera and cornea

106
Q

vascular layer

A

-choroid, ciliary body, iris
-contains most blood vessels of the eye

107
Q

nervous layer

A

retina

108
Q

sclera

A

-outside layer (muscle attachment)
-maintains eye shape
-protects internal structures of eye
-opaque (white color)
-dense collagenous connective tissue w/ elastic fibers

109
Q

cornea

A

-transparent
-responsible for refraction of light

109
Q

choroid

A

-thin layer
-darkly pigmented
-just deep to sclera
-very vascular
-function to nourish retina and absorb excess light

109
Q

ciliary body

A

-produces aqueous humor that fills anterior chamber
-ciliary muscle
-smooth muscle
-controls lens shape
-ciliary processes attach to lens

109
Q

iris

A

-colored portion of eye- suspended in aqueous humor between cornea and lens
-thin smooth muscle
-controls amt. of light entering eye
-pupil- opening

110
Q

sphincter pupillae muscle

A

-parasympathetic
-controls pupil

111
Q

contraction of sphincter pupillae muscle decreasing diameter uses

A

epinephrine

112
Q

nervous layer of eye

A
  1. neural layer
  2. pigmented retina
113
Q

neural layer

A

-contains sensory cells =, interneurons, support cells, and axons of optic nerve

114
Q

pigmented retina

A

-outer layer
-pigmented simple cuboidal epi.
-separates retina from choroid
-reduces light scattering

115
Q

compartments of eye

A

1.anterior compartment
2.posterior compartment

116
Q

anterior compartment

A

-anterior to lens
-filled with aqueous humor
-produced by ciliary body
-returned to venous circulation thru Canal of Schlemm
-helps maintain intraocular pressure
-supplies nutrients to associated structures
-helps refract light
*Two Chambers:
1.anterior chamber
2.posterior chamber

117
Q

anterior chamber location

A

between cornea and iris

118
Q

posterior chamber location

A

between iris and lens

119
Q

posterior compartment

A

-posterior to lens
-filled with vitreous humor
-majority of mass of eyeball
-98% water, amino acids, and hyaluronic acid
-helps maintain intraocular pressure
-helps hold lens and retina in place
-slightly refracts light

A&P (7 decks)

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