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A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

intracellular

A

inside cell

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2
Q

intercellular

A

outside cell

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3
Q

agonist

A

encourages rxn

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4
Q

antagonist

A

blocks rxn

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5
Q

up-regulation

A

increase response to stimulus

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6
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease response to stimulus

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7
Q

what changes can receptor activation lead to?

A

-transport properties
-permeability
-electrical state of plasma membrane
-metabolism
-secretory activity
-proliferation and/or differention
-contraction

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8
Q

cessation of activity

A

-decrease in receptor activation
-decrease in first messenger
-decrease in receptor #, affinity or activity

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9
Q

how does a decrease in first messenger occur

A

-enzymes
-taken up by adjacent cells
-diffuses away

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10
Q

how does a decrease in receptor #, affinity, or activity occur

A

-receptor phosphorylation decreases affinity for 1st messenger and prevents g protein binding
-receptor endocytosis

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11
Q

what coordinates functions of the body?

A

both nervous (fast) and endocrine (slow) systems

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12
Q

what do nervous and endocrine systems do?

A

-regulate internal functions
-organize and control behavior

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13
Q

what system controls ALL behavior?

A

nervous system

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14
Q

what do nerve cells do?

A

coordinate organs, mediate sensation, control movements, encode the ‘mind’

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15
Q

central nervous system contains..?

A

brain, spinal cord

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system..?

A

peripheral nerve

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17
Q

dendritic spines purpose

A

increase surface area for a neuron to receive signals from other neurons

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18
Q

what does myelin normally contain?

A

-20 to 200 layers of oligodendrocytes
or
-Schwann cell plasma membrane surrounding portions of axons

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19
Q

what does anterograde use?

A

kinesins

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20
Q

what does retrograde use?

A

dyneins

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21
Q

anterograde

A

moving along an axon away from neuronal cell body

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22
Q

retrograde

A

moving from axon terminal back towards neuronal cell body

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23
Q

where does afferent go

A

towards region of brain

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24
Q

where does efferent go

A

away from region of brain

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25
Q

where do interneurons project?

A

they project within the nucleus

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26
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuronal cell bodies outside of CNS

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27
Q

nerve

A

group of axons outside of CNS

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28
Q

tract

A

group of axons inside the CNS

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29
Q

amount of glial cells in human CNS

A

at least 50%

30
Q

what do glial cells do?

A

-provide physical and metabolic support to neurons
-retain capacity to divide throughout life

31
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

-form myelin of CNS
-one oligodendrocyte provides several segments of myelin for several neurons

32
Q

astrocyte functions (5)

A

-regulate interstitial fluid composition of CNS by removing neurotransmitters, ammonia, and excess potassium from extracellular fluid
-stimulate blood/brain barrier
-provide glucose or ketones to neuron for metabolism
-guide and stimulate neuronal growth during development
-may play note in brain signaling

33
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic immune-like cells

34
Q

Ependymal cells

A

regulate flow + production of cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

Schwann cells

A

-myelinated axons in PNS
-each provides one segment of myelin for one axon

36
Q

electrical force

A

-increase with quantity of charge
-increases with distance of separation between charges decreasing

37
Q

current

A

-rate of movement of change
-positive in direction of positive charge movement

38
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

I= V/R

I- current
V- electrical potential (voltage)
R- resistance

39
Q

is the inside of a cell more + or - ?

A

negative

40
Q

when is equilibrium (steady-state) reached?

A

when diffusion driving forces pulling potassium out of cell is exactly matched by electrical driving force pulling the potassium back into cell.

41
Q

how does flow of cation (+) into cell affect membrane potential

A

leads to positive membrane potential

42
Q

what do miniscule changes in ionic concentration lead to?

A

large changes in membrane potential

43
Q

ionic driving force

A

ions are driven across the membrane at a rate proportional to the difference between the membrane potential and equilibrium potential

44
Q

Nernst Equation

A

(1/ion charge)(61.54mV)log [ion o]/[ion i]

45
Q

what uses 70% of all ATP used by the brain?

A

Na/K pump

46
Q

concentration/electrical gradients in brain

A

-Na/K pump
-calcium pump
-calcium binding proteins
-large number of anionic proteins contribute to negative membrane potential
-potassium
-sodium

47
Q

potassium and sodium leakiness

A

potassium- leaky
sodium- not leaky

48
Q

can determine permeabilities with goldman equation

A

look up and double check because too much work to write out lol

49
Q

what flows out of a cell

A

Na

50
Q

what flows into a cell

A

K

51
Q

what does Na flow with

A

flows in with both concentration and electrical gradient

52
Q

what does K flow with

A

flows in with electrical and out with concentration gradient

53
Q

how is concentration difference for Cl ion determined?

A

-by electrical difference across the membrane

54
Q

what does increasing chloride permeability do to membrane potential?

A

makes membrane potential more negative

55
Q

how is extracellular potassium concentration regulated in the brain?

A

-blood/brain barrier regulates K entry
-astrocytes take up excess potassium from around neurons

56
Q

excitable cells

A

-can change membrane potentials
-use this to transmit info quickly from one part of membrane to another

57
Q

most common types of cells to display excitability

A

all muscle cells and neurons

58
Q

how to muscle cells use excitability

A

to coordinate contraction

59
Q

how to neurons use excitability

A

to transmit info as to whether or not to release neurotransmitter

60
Q

types of changes in membrane potential

A

-graded
-action potential

61
Q

graded potential

A

-caused by the openings of an ion channel in the dendrites or soma of a neuron
-can depolarize or hyperpolarize cell
vary in amplitude (depending on # of channels open and duration of opening)
-can be localized or decremental

62
Q

depolarize cell

A

make less negative (Na in)

63
Q

hyperpolarize cell

A

make inside more negatively charged (K out)

64
Q

action potentials

A

-how a neuron can transmit a signal from the dendrites or soma to the axon terminal
-wave of depolarization that moves down length of axon
-has a characteristic size and shape that is always the same for a given neuron
-retains size + shape down entire axon length
-all-or-none

65
Q

initial depolarization

A

Na goes in

65
Q

how are action potentials triggered

A

-triggered by graded potentials that reach a threshold depolarization at the axon hillock (trigger zone)

65
Q

5ms after depolarization

A

K goes in

66
Q

only time action potential can generate

A

-when depolarizing stimulus of sufficient intensity is generated
-either stimulus is not great enough to open any of the voltage-gated sodium channels, or it opens all

67
Q

how do Na channels work

A

Na channels open and inactivate very rapidly

68
Q

how to K channels work

A

K channels open and close slowly

A&P (7 decks)

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