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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

intracellular

A

inside cell

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2
Q

intercellular

A

outside cell

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3
Q

agonist

A

encourages rxn

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4
Q

antagonist

A

blocks rxn

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5
Q

up-regulation

A

increase response to stimulus

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6
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease response to stimulus

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7
Q

what changes can receptor activation lead to?

A

-transport properties
-permeability
-electrical state of plasma membrane
-metabolism
-secretory activity
-proliferation and/or differention
-contraction

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8
Q

cessation of activity

A

-decrease in receptor activation
-decrease in first messenger
-decrease in receptor #, affinity or activity

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9
Q

how does a decrease in first messenger occur

A

-enzymes
-taken up by adjacent cells
-diffuses away

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10
Q

how does a decrease in receptor #, affinity, or activity occur

A

-receptor phosphorylation decreases affinity for 1st messenger and prevents g protein binding
-receptor endocytosis

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11
Q

what coordinates functions of the body?

A

both nervous (fast) and endocrine (slow) systems

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12
Q

what do nervous and endocrine systems do?

A

-regulate internal functions
-organize and control behavior

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13
Q

what system controls ALL behavior?

A

nervous system

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14
Q

what do nerve cells do?

A

coordinate organs, mediate sensation, control movements, encode the ‘mind’

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15
Q

central nervous system contains..?

A

brain, spinal cord

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16
Q

peripheral nervous system..?

A

peripheral nerve

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17
Q

dendritic spines purpose

A

increase surface area for a neuron to receive signals from other neurons

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18
Q

what does myelin normally contain?

A

-20 to 200 layers of oligodendrocytes
or
-Schwann cell plasma membrane surrounding portions of axons

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19
Q

what does anterograde use?

A

kinesins

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20
Q

what does retrograde use?

A

dyneins

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21
Q

anterograde

A

moving along an axon away from neuronal cell body

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22
Q

retrograde

A

moving from axon terminal back towards neuronal cell body

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23
Q

where does afferent go

A

towards region of brain

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24
Q

where does efferent go

A

away from region of brain

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25
where do interneurons project?
they project within the nucleus
26
ganglion
group of neuronal cell bodies outside of CNS
27
nerve
group of axons outside of CNS
28
tract
group of axons inside the CNS
29
amount of glial cells in human CNS
at least 50%
30
what do glial cells do?
-provide physical and metabolic support to neurons -retain capacity to divide throughout life
31
what do oligodendrocytes do?
-form myelin of CNS -one oligodendrocyte provides several segments of myelin for several neurons
32
astrocyte functions (5)
-regulate interstitial fluid composition of CNS by removing neurotransmitters, ammonia, and excess potassium from extracellular fluid -stimulate blood/brain barrier -provide glucose or ketones to neuron for metabolism -guide and stimulate neuronal growth during development -may play note in brain signaling
33
Microglia
phagocytic immune-like cells
34
Ependymal cells
regulate flow + production of cerebrospinal fluid
35
Schwann cells
-myelinated axons in PNS -each provides one segment of myelin for one axon
36
electrical force
-increase with quantity of charge -increases with distance of separation between charges decreasing
37
current
-rate of movement of change -positive in direction of positive charge movement
38
Ohm's Law
I= V/R I- current V- electrical potential (voltage) R- resistance
39
is the inside of a cell more + or - ?
negative
40
when is equilibrium (steady-state) reached?
when diffusion driving forces pulling potassium out of cell is exactly matched by electrical driving force pulling the potassium back into cell.
41
how does flow of cation (+) into cell affect membrane potential
leads to positive membrane potential
42
what do miniscule changes in ionic concentration lead to?
large changes in membrane potential
43
ionic driving force
ions are driven across the membrane at a rate proportional to the difference between the membrane potential and equilibrium potential
44
Nernst Equation
(1/ion charge)(61.54mV)log [ion o]/[ion i]
45
what uses 70% of all ATP used by the brain?
Na/K pump
46
concentration/electrical gradients in brain
-Na/K pump -calcium pump -calcium binding proteins -large number of anionic proteins contribute to negative membrane potential -potassium -sodium
47
potassium and sodium leakiness
potassium- leaky sodium- not leaky
48
can determine permeabilities with goldman equation
look up and double check because too much work to write out lol
49
what flows out of a cell
Na
50
what flows into a cell
K
51
what does Na flow with
flows in with both concentration and electrical gradient
52
what does K flow with
flows in with electrical and out with concentration gradient
53
how is concentration difference for Cl ion determined?
-by electrical difference across the membrane
54
what does increasing chloride permeability do to membrane potential?
makes membrane potential more negative
55
how is extracellular potassium concentration regulated in the brain?
-blood/brain barrier regulates K entry -astrocytes take up excess potassium from around neurons
56
excitable cells
-can change membrane potentials -use this to transmit info quickly from one part of membrane to another
57
most common types of cells to display excitability
all muscle cells and neurons
58
how to muscle cells use excitability
to coordinate contraction
59
how to neurons use excitability
to transmit info as to whether or not to release neurotransmitter
60
types of changes in membrane potential
-graded -action potential
61
graded potential
-caused by the openings of an ion channel in the dendrites or soma of a neuron -can depolarize or hyperpolarize cell vary in amplitude (depending on # of channels open and duration of opening) -can be localized or decremental
62
depolarize cell
make less negative (Na in)
63
hyperpolarize cell
make inside more negatively charged (K out)
64
action potentials
-how a neuron can transmit a signal from the dendrites or soma to the axon terminal -wave of depolarization that moves down length of axon -has a characteristic size and shape that is always the same for a given neuron -retains size + shape down entire axon length -all-or-none
65
initial depolarization
Na goes in
65
how are action potentials triggered
-triggered by graded potentials that reach a threshold depolarization at the axon hillock (trigger zone)
65
5ms after depolarization
K goes in
66
only time action potential can generate
-when depolarizing stimulus of sufficient intensity is generated -either stimulus is not great enough to open any of the voltage-gated sodium channels, or it opens all
67
how do Na channels work
Na channels open and inactivate very rapidly
68
how to K channels work
K channels open and close slowly

A&P (7 decks)

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