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Nursing 2000 > Exam #4: Future of Nursing*** > Flashcards

Exam #4: Future of Nursing*** Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the world population in 2011?

A

6.9 billion

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2
Q

What does the health of infants/children depend on?

A

the status of women in society

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3
Q

Family planning is a ______ ______.

A

personal right

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4
Q

How much has the adult literacy rate increased since 1970?

A

by 50%

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5
Q

How has child mortality decreased?

A

by 50%

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6
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in 2011?

A

41.6/1000

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7
Q

Why is adult mortality increasing?

A

prevalence of HIV/AIDS

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8
Q

What is the access percentage to antenatal care in developing countries?

A

65%

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9
Q

What percentage of children are immunized today? in 1970?

A

80%

compared to 5% in 1970

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10
Q

Rural communities

A

75% have safe water

34% have adequate sanitation

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11
Q

How many lives could be saved with access to clean drinking water?

A

1.5 million

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12
Q

What is the average life expectancy? What will it be in 2025?

A
  1. 2 years

2025: 73

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13
Q

What will happen in 2025?

A

several infectious diseases will be eliminated or significantly reduced
–> polio, leprosy, Hep B

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14
Q

What percentage of the world’s people consume 75% of the energy?

A

23%

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15
Q

How many women die from pregnancy/childbirth?

A

343,000

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16
Q

How many people are living with HIV/AIDS?

A

39 million

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17
Q

How many children have HIV/AIDS?

A

2.1 million

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18
Q

How many deaths has HIV/AIDS caused?

A

30 million

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19
Q

What percentage do young people make up of those who have HIV/AIDS?

A

40%

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20
Q

HIV/AIDS is the first cause of death in _______.

A

Africa

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21
Q

HIV/AIDS is the ___ cause of death worldwide.

A

4th

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22
Q

How many people live in the US (2011)?

A

300 million

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23
Q

What is the median age in the US?

A

36.9

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24
Q

People over 65…

A
  • 10% are poor
  • women/ethic groups = higher poverty
  • 5% live in nursing home
  • better educated than ever before
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25
Q

Where is the population increasing most?

A

in the west and south

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26
Q

What has been the largest ethnic increase in the US?

A

latino

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27
Q

Children under 18….

A

two parent household: 69%
one parent household: 29%
neither parent: 4%
live with grandparent: 4 million

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28
Q

Pregnancy rates are ______

A

decreasing

29
Q

% of births to unmarried women are ____. What were they in 1940?

A

33%

increased from 1940 - 4%

30
Q

Abortions have decreased by ___

A

1/3

31
Q

What is the median income in the US?

A

$50,000

32
Q

The wealthiest 1% make _____ times the median income.

A

288 times

33
Q

What age range are 50% of the poor?

A

under 18 or over 65

34
Q

How many people are homeless in the US?

A

744,000

35
Q

What is the poverty rate in the US?

A

15.1%

36
Q

How many Americans are short food?

A

1 in 7

37
Q

Life expectancy for men and women

A

men: 74.1 years
women: 79 years

38
Q

Infant mortality has _____ in the US.

A

decreased

39
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the US? What is the second leading cause?

A

1st: CVD (MI, stroke)
2nd: cancer

40
Q

Where is the US ranked in overall health?

A

30th

-due to medication errors, lack of access to healthcare

41
Q

What age has the highest death rate?

A

younger than 75

42
Q

How many new cases of STDs are there per year?

A

19 million

43
Q

Chlamydia rates are _______.

A

increasing

-most in 15-19 year olds

44
Q

Gonorrhea and syphillis rates are _____.

A

stable

45
Q

How many people in the US live with an incurable STD?

A

65 million

46
Q

What is Healthy People 2020?

A

a science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving American health
-updated every 10 years

47
Q

When was Healthy People 2020 initiated?

A

1979

48
Q

What are the overarching goals of Healthy People 2020?

A

o Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
o Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
o Create social/physical environments that promote good health for all
o Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

49
Q

What are the four foundational health measures?

A
  1. General health status
  2. Health-related quality of life and well-being
  3. Determinants of health (what makes people healthy, biology, policies)
  4. Disparities (sex, SES)
50
Q

What are some technological advancements?

A
  1. Diagnosis and treatment – improved lab tests to ID, artificial organs, microsurgery, robotics, meds at cellular level
  2. Information management – transmission of date, electronic health records, decreases fraud, access to accurate health info
  3. Supplies and services
  4. Structural design – more efficient use of space
  5. Mass communication – better access to info quickly
51
Q

What are the educational trends?

A
  1. Types of students – more adult students
  2. Curricular developments – evening/weekend programs, online programs
  3. Tuition increases
  4. Part-time enrollment
52
Q

Women’s Rights Movement

A

-Changes for improvement slow
-International support difficult to achieve (women still considered property)
-Glass ceiling remains
(Women make 78 cents to $1 made by men, AA women make 68 cents, Hispanic women make 60 cents)

53
Q

Trends in labor and industry

A
  • Decline in unions
  • Increased part-time positions
  • Increased legislation to promote basic employee guarantees
  • Commencement of nursing unions
54
Q

The Consumer Revolution

A
  • public requesting better services
  • consumer activists
  • increased pt interest in self-care, health promotion/prevention
  • Pt Bill of Rights (not passed)
  • Women’s Health Movement
  • Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (charged by congress for treatment for common conditions, gives to health care providers and public)
55
Q

When was the Prospective Payment System initiated?

A

1983

56
Q

What are Diagnostic Related Groups?

A

assigned to pt based on illness, then based on code the hospital was paid a certain amount whether or not the pt used all the funds needed

57
Q

What did DRGs lead to?

A 
pts were discharged much quicker → being discharged sicker (not completely healed)
o More outpt procedures
o Acuity is increased
o More nurses needed
o More care sent outside of hospital
58
Q

What is “Patient Dumping?”

A

“expensive pts” were referred to different hospital when being brought in for treatment so hospital could avoid big costs`

59
Q

EMTALA

A

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
-enacted in 1989
→ pt must be SEEN and STABILIZED and then can be transferred if accommodations need to be made for further treatment

60
Q

Other health trends

A
  • increased use of helicopters
  • Merging of hospitals – pool resources, increasing buying power
  • Advertising
  • Declining freedom of choice – employers choose, may not be best health options, medications based on plans
  • Universal Access – not in US, ppl don’t want gov run system, “every person has access to healthcare” (private or public)
  • Joint Commission – ensures hospitals are meeting standards, unannounced visits
  • Telehealth – increased access to healthcare provider, review tests via electronic communication
  • Electronic health records – saves time on pt history
  • Individualized care based on genetics – medications/treatments based on genetic profiles
61
Q

Managed Care

A
  • Organizational structure between insurers and providers (HMOs)
  • 63% of Americans have these
  • Primary Care Providers
62
Q

What are the potential issues of Managed Care?

A
  • lack of full info shared
  • limiting treatment options
  • least expensive choices encouraged rather than best treatment options
63
Q

Health (Medical) Home Model

A

-team based health care delivery model
→ healthcare provider paid based on how well they take care of the pts
-goal: maximize health outcomes

64
Q

What are the potential outcomes of the Health (Medical) Home Model?

A
  • improved access to care
  • increased preventative care
  • reduced errors/costs through coordinated care
  • improved quality and pt satisfaction
65
Q

Trend of Self-Care

A

→ people more educated

  1. self monitoring: checking BP/glucose, HIV testing, DNA profiling
  2. self assessment: montly breast/testicular exams
  3. health promotion activities: flossing, exercising, aspirin daily
  4. support groups
  5. internet
66
Q

Alternative/Complementary Health Care

A

45% of pts use these, seek pain relief

  • Herbal therapy
  • chiropractors
  • massage
  • acupuncture
  • homeopathy
67
Q

What are future societal challenges for nursing?

A
  • aging population: increased end of life issues
  • poverty: more health issues in poor
  • cultural diversity: bcome more culturally competent
  • urbanization: increased issues, more homelessness/drugs/violence
  • environment: pollution increasing diseases, bioterrorism
  • unhealthy lifestyles: more obese, increase tobacco, HIV, drug abuse
68
Q

What are future healthcare challenges for nursing?

A

• US rank LOW on quality outcomes: provide best evidence-based care
• Lack of access to healthcare: 25% of americans w/o health insurance in 2011
• Economic instability: less funds for getting people healthy
• Cost of healthcare: every $ used towards pt care, decrease fraud/administrative costs
• Healthcare reform: hard to agree on this
–> Affordable Care Act – less denied coverage, no cap

69
Q

What are future nursing challenges for nurses?

A
  • nursing shortage: b/c of aging society, increased demands, decreasing healthcare resources, decreasing social value of nursing, faculty shortages to teach nurses
  • entry into practice requirements: ADN vs. BSN
  • autonomy: decreasing, many NPs not allowed to practice on own
  • increasing technology: hard to keep up/use appropriately
  • changing practice settings and pt population: more outpatient, pt pop older/more diverse, alternative therapies
  • healthcare policy: use collective power to positively impact nursing/health for all, healthcare is a right

Nursing 2000 (12 decks)

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