Exam #4: Future of Nursing*** Flashcards
1
Q
What was the world population in 2011?
A
6.9 billion
2
Q
What does the health of infants/children depend on?
A
the status of women in society
3
Q
Family planning is a ______ ______.
A
personal right
4
Q
How much has the adult literacy rate increased since 1970?
A
by 50%
5
Q
How has child mortality decreased?
A
by 50%
6
Q
What was the infant mortality rate in 2011?
A
41.6/1000
7
Q
Why is adult mortality increasing?
A
prevalence of HIV/AIDS
8
Q
What is the access percentage to antenatal care in developing countries?
A
65%
9
Q
What percentage of children are immunized today? in 1970?
A
80%
compared to 5% in 1970
10
Q
Rural communities
A
75% have safe water
34% have adequate sanitation
11
Q
How many lives could be saved with access to clean drinking water?
A
1.5 million
12
Q
What is the average life expectancy? What will it be in 2025?
A
- 2 years
2025: 73
13
Q
What will happen in 2025?
A
several infectious diseases will be eliminated or significantly reduced
–> polio, leprosy, Hep B
14
Q
What percentage of the world’s people consume 75% of the energy?
A
23%
15
Q
How many women die from pregnancy/childbirth?
A
343,000
16
Q
How many people are living with HIV/AIDS?
A
39 million
17
Q
How many children have HIV/AIDS?
A
2.1 million
18
Q
How many deaths has HIV/AIDS caused?
A
30 million
19
Q
What percentage do young people make up of those who have HIV/AIDS?
A
40%
20
Q
HIV/AIDS is the first cause of death in _______.
A
Africa
21
Q
HIV/AIDS is the ___ cause of death worldwide.
A
4th
22
Q
How many people live in the US (2011)?
A
300 million
23
Q
What is the median age in the US?
A
36.9
24
Q
People over 65…
A
- 10% are poor
- women/ethic groups = higher poverty
- 5% live in nursing home
- better educated than ever before
25
Where is the population increasing most?
in the west and south
26
What has been the largest ethnic increase in the US?
latino
27
Children under 18....
two parent household: 69%
one parent household: 29%
neither parent: 4%
live with grandparent: 4 million
28
Pregnancy rates are ______
decreasing
29
% of births to unmarried women are ____. What were they in 1940?
33%
| increased from 1940 - 4%
30
Abortions have decreased by ___
1/3
31
What is the median income in the US?
$50,000
32
The wealthiest 1% make _____ times the median income.
288 times
33
What age range are 50% of the poor?
under 18 or over 65
34
How many people are homeless in the US?
744,000
35
What is the poverty rate in the US?
15.1%
36
How many Americans are short food?
1 in 7
37
Life expectancy for men and women
men: 74.1 years
women: 79 years
38
Infant mortality has _____ in the US.
decreased
39
What is the leading cause of death in the US? What is the second leading cause?
1st: CVD (MI, stroke)
2nd: cancer
40
Where is the US ranked in overall health?
30th
| -due to medication errors, lack of access to healthcare
41
What age has the highest death rate?
younger than 75
42
How many new cases of STDs are there per year?
19 million
43
Chlamydia rates are _______.
increasing
| -most in 15-19 year olds
44
Gonorrhea and syphillis rates are _____.
stable
45
How many people in the US live with an incurable STD?
65 million
46
What is Healthy People 2020?
a science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving American health
-updated every 10 years
47
When was Healthy People 2020 initiated?
1979
48
What are the overarching goals of Healthy People 2020?
o Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
o Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
o Create social/physical environments that promote good health for all
o Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
49
What are the four foundational health measures?
1. General health status
2. Health-related quality of life and well-being
3. Determinants of health (what makes people healthy, biology, policies)
4. Disparities (sex, SES)
50
What are some technological advancements?
1. Diagnosis and treatment – improved lab tests to ID, artificial organs, microsurgery, robotics, meds at cellular level
2. Information management – transmission of date, electronic health records, decreases fraud, access to accurate health info
3. Supplies and services
4. Structural design – more efficient use of space
5. Mass communication – better access to info quickly
51
What are the educational trends?
1. Types of students – more adult students
2. Curricular developments – evening/weekend programs, online programs
3. Tuition increases
4. Part-time enrollment
52
Women's Rights Movement
-Changes for improvement slow
-International support difficult to achieve (women still considered property)
-Glass ceiling remains
(Women make 78 cents to $1 made by men, AA women make 68 cents, Hispanic women make 60 cents)
53
Trends in labor and industry
* Decline in unions
* Increased part-time positions
* Increased legislation to promote basic employee guarantees
* Commencement of nursing unions
54
The Consumer Revolution
- public requesting better services
- consumer activists
- increased pt interest in self-care, health promotion/prevention
- Pt Bill of Rights (not passed)
- Women's Health Movement
- Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (charged by congress for treatment for common conditions, gives to health care providers and public)
55
When was the Prospective Payment System initiated?
1983
56
What are Diagnostic Related Groups?
assigned to pt based on illness, then based on code the hospital was paid a certain amount whether or not the pt used all the funds needed
57
What did DRGs lead to?
```
pts were discharged much quicker → being discharged sicker (not completely healed)
o More outpt procedures
o Acuity is increased
o More nurses needed
o More care sent outside of hospital
```
58
What is "Patient Dumping?"
“expensive pts” were referred to different hospital when being brought in for treatment so hospital could avoid big costs`
59
EMTALA
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
-enacted in 1989
→ pt must be SEEN and STABILIZED and then can be transferred if accommodations need to be made for further treatment
60
Other health trends
- increased use of helicopters
- Merging of hospitals – pool resources, increasing buying power
- Advertising
- Declining freedom of choice – employers choose, may not be best health options, medications based on plans
- Universal Access – not in US, ppl don’t want gov run system, “every person has access to healthcare” (private or public)
- Joint Commission – ensures hospitals are meeting standards, unannounced visits
- Telehealth – increased access to healthcare provider, review tests via electronic communication
- Electronic health records – saves time on pt history
- Individualized care based on genetics – medications/treatments based on genetic profiles
61
Managed Care
- Organizational structure between insurers and providers (HMOs)
- 63% of Americans have these
- Primary Care Providers
62
What are the potential issues of Managed Care?
* lack of full info shared
* limiting treatment options
* least expensive choices encouraged rather than best treatment options
63
Health (Medical) Home Model
-team based health care delivery model
→ healthcare provider paid based on how well they take care of the pts
-goal: maximize health outcomes
64
What are the potential outcomes of the Health (Medical) Home Model?
* improved access to care
* increased preventative care
* reduced errors/costs through coordinated care
* improved quality and pt satisfaction
65
Trend of Self-Care
→ people more educated
1. self monitoring: checking BP/glucose, HIV testing, DNA profiling
2. self assessment: montly breast/testicular exams
3. health promotion activities: flossing, exercising, aspirin daily
4. support groups
5. internet
66
Alternative/Complementary Health Care
45% of pts use these, seek pain relief
- Herbal therapy
- chiropractors
- massage
- acupuncture
- homeopathy
67
What are future societal challenges for nursing?
* aging population: increased end of life issues
* poverty: more health issues in poor
* cultural diversity: bcome more culturally competent
* urbanization: increased issues, more homelessness/drugs/violence
* environment: pollution increasing diseases, bioterrorism
* unhealthy lifestyles: more obese, increase tobacco, HIV, drug abuse
68
What are future healthcare challenges for nursing?
• US rank LOW on quality outcomes: provide best evidence-based care
• Lack of access to healthcare: 25% of americans w/o health insurance in 2011
• Economic instability: less funds for getting people healthy
• Cost of healthcare: every $ used towards pt care, decrease fraud/administrative costs
• Healthcare reform: hard to agree on this
--> Affordable Care Act – less denied coverage, no cap
69
What are future nursing challenges for nurses?
* nursing shortage: b/c of aging society, increased demands, decreasing healthcare resources, decreasing social value of nursing, faculty shortages to teach nurses
* entry into practice requirements: ADN vs. BSN
* autonomy: decreasing, many NPs not allowed to practice on own
* increasing technology: hard to keep up/use appropriately
* changing practice settings and pt population: more outpatient, pt pop older/more diverse, alternative therapies
* healthcare policy: use collective power to positively impact nursing/health for all, healthcare is a right
