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Nursing 2000 > Exam #3: Theory and Research > Flashcards

Exam #3: Theory and Research Flashcards

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1
Q

Nursing Theory

A

“a group of related concepts, definitions, and statements that describe a certain view of nursing phenomena (observable occurrences) from which to describe, explain, or predict outcomes.”

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2
Q

What is the purpose of nursing theory?

A
  • provide a framework on which to build new nursing knowledge
  • analyze/synthesize known data and work it into frameworks
  • assists with reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making
  • helps guide practice to produce quality outcomes
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3
Q

What are the types of nursing theory?

A
  1. Grand Theory

2. Mid-range Theory

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4
Q

Grand Theory

A
  • type of nursing theory
  • most comprehensive, applying to the entire domain of nursing

Components: person, health, environment, nursing
• Define all these related to grand nursing theory

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5
Q

Mid-Range Theory

A

narrower focus, more concrete, target specific practice questions

  • Empirically measurable, testable form, limited scope, research/practice
  • Theories: health promotion, uncertainty, quality of nursing care, hardiness, pain management, family care-giving
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6
Q

Dorothea Orem

A
  • ->self-care model
  • self-care deficits, and nursing systems
  • people have a NEED to maintain self-care
  • inadequate? Nursing can come in and assist
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7
Q

Martha Rogers

A
  • -> promoted the unitary human being
  • person = unitary environmental field constantly interacting with environment
  • nurse can assist in interaction between this energy and environment
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8
Q

Sister Callista Roy

A
  • -> Adaptation Model: person is adaptive system
  • person adapts behavior to internal/external stimuli
  • disrupt equilibrium = sickness
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9
Q

Jean Watson

A
  • -> human caring

- caring is universal social behavior, nursing provides this through humanistic actions

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10
Q

Pure Science vs. Applied Science

A

Pure:

  • formal (math/logic)
  • natural (physics, chem)
  • psychosocial (psychology, econ)

Applied:

  • -> application of pure sciences
  • engineering
  • medicine
  • agriculture
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11
Q

Nursing Science

A

a coherent body of knowledge composed of research findings and tested theories systematically developed for the discipline of nursing

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12
Q

Nursing Theory

A

product (discrete body of knowledge)

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13
Q

Nursing Research

A

process (tool by which science is created)

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14
Q

Pure Research

A
  • -> work done in PURSUIT of knowledge

- may test existing theory, trying new technique, etc

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15
Q

Applied Research

A
  • -> CREATING new knowledge for a specific purpose

- instrumentation, new inventions/processes → improve quality, development of new drugs

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16
Q

Transitional Research

A
  • -> takes applied research findings to the healthcare setting
  • gives us evidence-based practice nursing
17
Q

Quantitative Research

A

–> a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world

o Data that is collectable → numbers → statistical formulas → analyzed

18
Q

Qualitative Research

A

–> systematic, interactive, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning

-what pt tells you
• put together to give information on a phenomenon
• determined by what question you are asking

19
Q

What are the steps of the research process?

A
  1. Conceptual Phase
  2. Design/Planning Phase
  3. Empirical Phase
  4. Analytic Phase
  5. Dissemination Phase
20
Q

Research Process: Conceptual Phase

A

→ wanting to create new nursing knowledge
• defining the problem
• reviewing the literature (what do we already know?)
• developing the theoretical framework
• formulating the research hypothesis/question

21
Q

Research Process: Design/Planning Phase

A

• Defining your research DESIGN
-experimental/non-experimental?

• Identifying the POPULATION to be studied/sampling plan
-how will you access the subjects? haphazard pool/random?

• Specifying data collection METHODS

  • who, what, when, where, how
  • reliability and validity (is the tool reliable/valid? need this to make a conclusion)
  • funding/permission
  • obtaining research $$$
  • permission sought from IRB (institutional review board)
  • pilot study
  • testing procedures
22
Q

Research Process: Empirical Phase

A
  1. Collecting the data
    - ensuring quality/accuracy
    - ethical issues
  2. Preparing data for analysis
    - storage of data (keep confidential)
    - coding (to be statistically analyzed)
    - ensuring accuracy
23
Q

Research Process: Analytic Phase

A
  1. Analyzing the data
    - May need statistical consultants
  2. Interpreting results
    - critical review of the work
    - relating findings to theory in study
    - confirmation or rebutting of the existing literature
    - conclusions/implications for future research, education, and practice
24
Q

Research Process: Dissemination Phase

A
  1. Communicating findings
    - conferences, journals, books, media
    - in order to help profession of nursing
  2. Utilizing findings
    - changing practice to increase quality for healthcare
25
Q

Translational Research Process

A
  1. Defining the question (in the clinical setting, what is the issue at hand?)
  2. Collecting evidence to answer question
    - go to literature and find potential solutions
  3. Formal evaluation of evidence gathered
    - what is quality of literature? can they be applied?
  4. Choosing a solution
  5. Integration of evidence into practice setting
  6. Evaluation of process
    - was it effective
26
Q

Levels of Evidence

A

Level 1: ideas, editorials, opinion papers

Level 2: case studies and reports of unusual happenings

Level 3: info based on lab studies

Level 4: info based on animal studies

Level 5: small short studies involving human subjects (pilot studies)

Level 6: complex studies with human subjects

Level 7: clinical trials (gold-standard)

27
Q

Why can’t we do a research project on the correlation between smoking and lung cancer?

A

cannot do research to subject volunteers to risks of smoking → NO level 7 research

Nursing 2000 (12 decks)

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