Exam 4 Full Overview Flashcards
1
Q
System composed of glands that secrete hormones
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
Chemical messenger secreted by a tissue that has specific regulatory effects on certain cells
A
Hormone
3
Q
Region of the brain that controls the pituitary; control center for numerous homeostatic negative feedback loops and for the autonomic nervous system
A
Hypothalamus
4
Q
Endocrine gland located under and controlled by the hypothalamus; releases hormones that control other glands
A
Pituitary gland; hypophysis
5
Q
Any of a group of hormones produced by many cells that usually act on neighboring cells; these hormones are involved in pain and inflammation, as well as many other functions
A
Prostaglandin
6
Q
Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus; Protein in the plasma membrane or other part of a cell that binds a chemical signal resulting in a change in cellular activity
A
Receptor
7
Q
Category of lipids that includes the hormones of the sex glands and the adrenal cortex
A
Steroid
8
Q
Tissue that is capable of responding to a specific hormone
A
Target tissue
9
Q
Coordinated changes in the lens of the eye that enables one to focus on near and far objects
A
Accommodation
10
Q
Tube that connects the middle ear cavity to the throat
A
Auditory tube; eustachian tube
11
Q
Watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball anterior to the lens
A
Aqueous humor
12
Q
Pigmented middle layer of the eye
A
Choroid
13
Q
Coiled portion of the inner ear that contains the organ of hearing
A
Cochlea
14
Q
Membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the anterior part of the sclera
A
Conjunctiva
15
Q
Centering of both eyes on the same visual fields
A
Convergence
16
Q
Clear portion of the sclera that covers the anterior portion of the eye
A
Cornea
17
Q
Sense of taste
A
Gustation
18
Q
Circular colored region of the eye around the pupil
A
Iris
19
Q
Sense of body movement
A
Kinesthesia
20
Q
Tear gland and its associated ducts
A
Lacrimal apparatus
21
Q
Biconvex structure of the eye that changes in thickness to accommodate near and far vision
A
Lens; crystalline lens
22
Q
Area of the retina that contains the point of sharpest vision; equilibrium receptor in the vestibule of the inner ear
A
Macula
23
Q
Sense of smell
A
Olfaction
24
Q
One of three small bones of the middle ear
A
Ossicle
25
Sensory receptor that aids in judging body position and changes in position; located in muscles, tendons, and joints
Proprioceptor
26
Bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another of a different density
Refraction
27
Innermost layer of the eye; contains light-sensitive cells (rods and cones)
Retina
28
Outermost layer of the eye; made of tough connective tissue; white of the eye
Sclera
29
One of three curved channels of the inner ear where receptors for rotational equilibrium are located
Semicircular canal
30
Gradual loss of sensation when sensory receptors are exposed to continuous stimulation
Sensory adaptation
31
Part of the nervous system that detects a stimulus
Sensory receptor
32
Membrane between the external and middle ear that transmits sound waves to the bones of the middle ear; eardrum
Tympanic membrane
33
Any space at the entrance to a canal or organ; in the inner ear, area that contains some receptors for the sense of equilibrium
Vestibule
34
Soft, jelly-like substance that fills the eyeball and holds the shape of the eye
Vitreous body
35
Interconnected masses of gray matter spread throughout the brain that modulate motor inputs and facilitate routine motor tasks
Basal nuclei; basal ganglia
36
Portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Brain stem
37
Small section of the brain inferior to the cerebral hemispheres; functions in coordination, balance, and muscle tone
Cerebellum
38
Very thin outer layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
39
Fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
40
Largest part of the brain; composed of two cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum
41
Thick bundle of myelinated nerve cell fibers deep within the brain that carries nerve impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
Corpus callosum
42
Region of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain; contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary glans
Diencephalon
43
Instrument used to study the brains electric activity
Electroencephalograph
44
Raised area of the cerebral cortex
Pyrus
45
Area between the brains cerebrum and diencephalon that is involved in emotional states, memory, and behavior
Limbic system
46
Part of the brain stem that connects the brain to the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
47
Three layers of fibrous membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
48
Upper portion of the brain stem
Midbrain
49
Area of the brain between the midbrain and medulla; connects the cerebellum with the rest of the central nervous system
Pons
50
Network in the limbic system that governs wakefulness and sleep
Reticular formation
51
Shallow groove as between convolutions of the cerebral cortex
Sulcus
52
Region of the brain located in the diencephalon; chief relay center for sensory impulses traveling to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
53
One of the brains four chambers in which cerebrospinal fluid is produced
Ventricle
54
Neurotransmitter; released at synapses within the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
55
Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse
Action potential
56
Carrying toward a given point, such as a sensory neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system
Afferent
57
The part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; visceral or involuntary nervous system
Autonomic nervous system (ANC)
58
Fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the body
Axon
59
Neuron fiber that conducts impulses toward the cell body
Dendrite
60
Reduction of the membrane potential (charge) resulting from the entry of cations or the exit of anions
Depolarization
61
Muscle or gland that responds to a signal
Effector
62
Carrying away from a given point, such as a motor neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system
Efferent
63
Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system
Ganglion
64
Nerve cell that transmits impulses within the central nervous system or enteric (gastrointestinal) nervous system
Interneuron
65
Describing structures or activities involved in transmitting impulses away from the central nervous system; efferent; pertaining to or producing a movement
Motor
66
Bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system
Nerve
67
Electric charge that spreads along the membrane of a neuron; action potential
Nerve impulse
68
Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system; glial cells
Neuroglia
69
Conducting cell of the nervous system
Neuron
70
Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a chemical synapse
Neurotransmitter
71
Neurotransmitter similar in composition and action to the hormone epinephrine; noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
72
Craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system; generally reverses the fight-or-flight (stress) hormone
Parasympathetic nervous system
73
Network of vessels or nerves
Plexus
74
Distal to the synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic
75
Proximal to the synaptic cleft
Presynaptic
76
Simple, rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus
Reflex
77
A change in the membrane potential that brings it closer to the resting value
Repolarization
78
Transmission of an electric impulse from node to node along a myelinated fiber; faster than continuous conduction along the entire membrane
Saltatory conduction
79
Describing cells or activities involved in transmitting impulses toward the central nervous system; afferent; pertaining to the senses
Sensory
80
Division of the nervous system that controls voluntary activities and stimulates skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
81
Thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system; stimulates a fight-or-flight (stress) response
Sympathetic nervous system
82
Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector
Synapse
83
Bundle of neuron fibers within the central nervous system
Tract
84
What is an androgen
Male sex hormone
85
What hormone causes milk production in the breasts
Prolactin
86
What hormone decreases blood glucose concentrations
Insulin
87
What gland releases antidiuretic hormone
Pancreas
88
What hormone is derived from cholesterol
Progesterone
89
What two hormones are involved in the stress response
Epinephrine and cortisol
90
What pituitary hormone regulates the activity of the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
91
What organ synthesizes erythropoietin
Kidneys
92
What hormone promotes normal growth
Glucagon
93
Activity in the pituitary gland which in turn regulates other glands is controlled by the brains...
Hypothalamus
94
Hormones are
Chemical messengers
95
Hormones from the endocrine system are released directly in the... which carries them throughout the body
Blood stream
96
The specific tissue acted on by each hormone is the
Target tissue
96
These hormones are proteins or related compounds
Amino acid compounds
97
These hormones are derived from cholesterol, a type of lipid
Steroid
98
ADH and oxytocin are manufactured in the hypothalamus but stored in the...
Posterior pituitary
99
Growth hormone promotes growth in all body...
Tissues
100
This hormone stimulates growth and hormonal activity of the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
101
This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
102
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production by the...
Mammary glands
103
This hormone stimulates growth and hormonal activity of ovarian follicles, stimulates growth of the testes; promotes sperm cell development
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
104
Hormone that initiates ovulation, carpus luteum formation, and progesterone production in the female; stimulates testosterone secretion in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
105
These hormones increase metabolic rate, influencing both physical and mental activities required for normal growth
Thyroid hormones; T3-T4
106
These glands produce this hormone that regulates the exchange of calcium between blood and bones; increasing the calcium level in the blood
Parathyroid glands
107
Epinephrine is produced in the...
Adrenal medulla
108
Increases blood glucose concentration in response to stress
Cortisol
109
Aldosterone is produced in the...
Adrenal cortex
110
Insulin is produced in the... cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
Beta
111
... stimulates the liver to release glucose there by increasing blood glucose levels
Glucagon
112
Reduces blood glucose concentrations by promoting glucose uptake into cells and glucose storage; promotes fat and protein synthesis
Insulin
113
The testes produces...
Testosterone
114
Glucagon is produced in the... cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
Alpha
115
Ovaries produce...
Estrogens
116
Melatonin is produced in the... gland
Pineal
117
In the PNS the myelin sheath is formed by...
Schwann cells
118
A fatty layer that protects axons that speeds up nerve conduction
Myelin sheath
119
Protection mechanisms of the spinal cord
Bone, meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier
120
The switching centers of the nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
121
The two main divisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
122
Fiber bundles within the PNS
Nerve
123
Fiber bundles within the CNS
Tract
124
Involuntary control: smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
125
Voluntary control: Skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
126
Carry impulses away from cell body
Axons
127
Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain
Sensory neurons (afferent)
128
Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
Motor efferent neurons
129
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic nervous system
130
Relay information from place to place within the CNS
Interneurons
131
A junction point for transmitting nerve impulse from neuron to another cell
Synapse
132
Allows the organs to respond to changing body needs
Autonomic nervous system
133
Fight or flight; stressful situations
Sympathetic nervous system
134
Carry impulses to the cell body
Dendrites
