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NU-110 > Exam 3 Full Overview > Flashcards

Exam 3 Full Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The process of taking up or assimilating a substance

A

Absorption

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2
Q

Substance produced in the liver that emulsifies fats

A

Bile

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3
Q

Milky-appearing fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestine; consists of lymph and droplets of digested fats

A

Chyle

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4
Q

Mixture of partially digested food, water, and digestive juices that forms in the stomach

A

Chyme

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5
Q

An act of eliminating undigested waste from the digestive tract

A

Defecation

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6
Q

Act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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7
Q

Process of breaking down food into absorbable particles

A

Digestion

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8
Q

First portion of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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9
Q

To break up fats into small particles

A

Emulsify

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10
Q

Muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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11
Q

Muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile

A

Gallbladder

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12
Q

Splitting of large molecules by the addition of water, as in digestion

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

Intake of food

A

Ingestion

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14
Q

Organ of the digestive tract between the stomach and anus, consisting of the small and large intestine

A

Intestine

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15
Q

Lymphatic capillary that drains digested fats from the villi of the small intestine

A

Lacteal

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16
Q

Large organ inferior to the diaphragm in the superior right abdomen; has many functions, including bile secretion, detoxification, storage, and interconversion of nutrients

A

Liver

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17
Q

Act of chewing

A

Mastication

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18
Q

Connective tissue membrane that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall

A

Mesentery

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19
Q

Large, elongated gland behind the stomach; produces digestive enzymes and hormones

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

Wavelike movements in the wall of an organ or duct that propel its contents forward

A

Peristalsis

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21
Q

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and forms the outer layer of the abdominal organs; forms supporting ligaments for some organs

A

Peritoneum

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22
Q

Secretion of the salivary glands; moistens food and contains an enzyme that digests starch

A

Saliva

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23
Q

Alternating contraction and relaxation of the circular muscle in the small intestines wall that mix its contents with digestive juices and move them through the organ

A

Segmentation

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24
Q

Muscular ring that regulates the size of an opening

A

Sphincter

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25
Q

Organ of the digestive tract that stores food, mixes it with digestive juices, and moves it into the small intestine

A

Stomach

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26
Q

Small finger-like projections from the surface of a membrane; projections in the lining of the small intestine through which digested food is absorbed

A

Villi

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27
Q

Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium, and indirectly, water reabsorption in the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

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28
Q

Substance produced from inactive precursors by the action of the renal enzyme renin and other enzymes; increases blood pressure by causing vascular constriction, stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and ADH from the posterior pituitary, and increasing thirst

A

Angiotensin II

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29
Q

Negatively charged particle (ion)

A

Anion

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30
Q

Hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus decreasing urinary output

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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31
Q

Hormone produced by the atria of the heart that lowers the blood pressure by promoting excretion of sodium and water

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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32
Q

Positively charged particle (ion)

A

Cation

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33
Q

Removal and elimination of metabolic waste products from the blood

A

Excretion

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34
Q

Outside the cell

A

Extracellular

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35
Q

Fluid and dissolved materials that leave the blood and enter the kidney tubule

A

Glomerular filtrate

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36
Q

Cluster of capillaries surrounded by the kidney tubules glomerular capsule

A

Glomerulus

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37
Q

Between; pertaining to an organs spaces or structures between active tissues; fluid between cells

A

Interstitial

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38
Q

Within a cell

A

Intracellular

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39
Q

Organ of excretion, hormone synthesis, and blood pressure regulation

A

Kidney

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40
Q

Act of urination; voiding of the urinary bladder

A

Micturition

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41
Q

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney; consists of the glomerulus and the renal tubule

A

Nephron

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42
Q

Term that refers to the solute concentration of a solution; osmotic concentration

A

Osmolarity

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43
Q

System for indicating the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydrozide ions in a solution. The scale ranges from 1 to 14, with 1 most acidic and 14 most alkaline and 7 as neutral

A

pH scale

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44
Q

Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine; end products of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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45
Q

Tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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46
Q

Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

A

Urethra

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47
Q

Laboratory examination of urines physical and chemical properties

A

Urinalysis

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48
Q

Hollow organ that stores urine until it is eliminated

A

Urinary bladder

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49
Q

Liquid waste excreted by the kidneys

A

Urine

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50
Q

Yellow body formed from ovarian follicle after ovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

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51
Q

Inner layer of the uterus

A

Endometrium

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52
Q

Group of female sex hormones that promotes development of the ovarian follicle and the uterine lining and maintains secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogen

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53
Q

What is the main estrogen

A

Estradiol

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54
Q

Hormone produces by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of ova in the ovary and spermatozoa in the testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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55
Q

Reproductive cell; ovum and spermatozoon

A

Gamete

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56
Q

Hormone that acts on a reproductive gland

A

Gonadotropin

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57
Q

Decreased ability to reproduce

A

Infertility

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58
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that induces ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in females; in males, it stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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59
Q

Time during which menstruation ceases

A

Menopause

60
Q

Monthly flow of blood from the female reproductive tract

A

Menses

61
Q

Period of menstrual flow

A

Menstruation

62
Q

A developing egg cell, or ovum

A

Oocyte

63
Q

Cluster of cells containing an ovum

A

Ovarian follicle

64
Q

Female reproductive organ; produces ova and female sex steroids

A

Ovary

65
Q

Release of an ovum from a mature ovarian follicle

A

Ovulation

66
Q

Female reproductive cell or gamete

A

Ovum

67
Q

Hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta; maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

68
Q

Mixture of sperm cells and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract

A

Semen

69
Q

Male reproductive cell or gamete; sperm cell

A

Spermatozoon

70
Q

Male reproductive gland

A

Testis

71
Q

Male sex hormone produced in the testes; promotes sperm cell development and maintains secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

72
Q

Muscular, pear shaped organ in the female pelvis within which the fetus develops during pregnancy

A

Uterus

73
Q

Loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy

A

Abortion

74
Q

A version of a gene that controls a given trait

A

Allele

75
Q

Fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing fetus

A

Amniotic sac

76
Q

Any chromosome not involved in sex determination

A

Autosomes

77
Q

How many autosomes do humans have

A

44 (22 pairs)

78
Q

Individual who has a recessive allele of a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype but that can be passed to offspring

A

Carrier

79
Q

Outer embryonic layer that, together with a layer of the endometrium, forms the placenta

A

Chorion

80
Q

Dark-staining, threadlike body in a cells nucleus; contains genes that determine hereditary traits

A

Chromosomes

81
Q

Secretion of the mammary glands released prior to the secretion of milk

A

Colostrum

82
Q

The vascularized internal portion of the endometrium in a pregnant uterus; the maternal portion of the placenta

A

Decidua

83
Q

Referring to an allele of a gene that is always expressed in the phenotype if present

A

Dominant

84
Q

Developing offspring during the first 8 weeks of gestation

A

Embryo

85
Q

Hereditary; passed from parents to children in the genes

A

Familial

86
Q

Union of an ovum and a spermatozoon

A

Fertilization

87
Q

Developing offspring from the start of the ninth week of gestation until birth

A

Fetus

88
Q

Hereditary factor; portion of the DNA on a chromosome encoding a specific protein

A

Gene

89
Q

Pertaining to the genes or heredity

A

Genetic

90
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

91
Q

Period of development from conception to birth

A

Gestation

92
Q

Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of the genes

A

Heredity

93
Q

Having unmatched alleles for a given trait; hybrid

A

Heterozygous

94
Q

Having identical alleles in a given gene pair

A

Homozygous

95
Q

Hormone produced by embryonic cells soon after implantation that maintains the corpus luteum and is diagnostic of pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

96
Q

Embedding of a fertilized ovum into the uterine lining

A

Implantation

97
Q

Secretion of milk

A

Lactation

98
Q

Process of cell division that halves the chromosome number in the formation of the gametes

A

Meiosis

99
Q

Agent that causes mutation

A

Mutagen

100
Q

Change in a gene or chromosome

A

Mutation

101
Q

Branch of medicine that is concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the 6 weeks after childbirth

A

Obstetrics

102
Q

Hormone from the posterior pituitary that causes uterine contraction and milk ejection from the breasts

A

Oxytocin

103
Q

Childbirth; labor

A

Parturition

104
Q

All the characteristics of an organism that can be seen or tested for

A

Phenotype

105
Q

Structure that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus during pregnancy

A

Placenta

106
Q

Offspring, descendent

A

Progeny

107
Q

Referring to an allele that tis not expressed in the phenotype if a dominant allele for the same trait is present

A

Recessive

108
Q

Placental hormone that softens the cervix and relaxes the pelvic joints

A

Relaxin

109
Q

Referring to a gene carried on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome

A

Sex-linked

110
Q

Characteristic

A

Trait

111
Q

Structure that connects the fetus with the placenta; contains vessels that carry blood between the fetus and placenta

A

Umbilical cord

112
Q

Fertilized ovum; cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

A

Zygote

113
Q

Metabolic building of simple substances into materials needed by the body

A

Anabolism

114
Q

The amount of energy needed to maintain life functions while the body is at rest

A

Basal metabolism

115
Q

Metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler components; includes the digestion of food and oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy

A

Catabolism

116
Q

Series of reactions by which nutrients are oxidized for energy within the mitochondria of body cells

A

Cellular respiration

117
Q

Simple sugar; main energy source for the cells; dextrose

A

Glucose

118
Q

Compound built from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

119
Q

First, anaerobic phase of glucoses metabolic breakdown for energy; converts glucose into pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

120
Q

Region of the brain that controls the pituitary; control center for numerous homeostatic negative feedback loops and for the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

121
Q

Measure of the energy content of food; technically, the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water 1 degree C; calorie (C)

A

Kilocalorie (kcal)

122
Q

Rate at which energy is released from nutrients in the cells

A

Metabolic rate

123
Q

Inorganic substance; in the diet, an element needed in small amounts for health

A

Mineral

124
Q

Chemical breakdown of nutrients for energy usually using oxygen

A

Oxidation

125
Q

Organic compound needed in small amounts for health

A

Vitamin

126
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A

Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, stored, and eliminated

127
Q

What is the passageway of the digestive tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

128
Q

Lines the tubes lumen

A

Mucous membrane- mucosa

129
Q

Central opening of an organ or vessel

A

Lumen

130
Q

Thick layer of connective tissue beneath the mucosa

A

Submucosa

131
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Muscularis externa

132
Q

Outermost layer of the digestive tract

A

Serous membrane- Serosa

133
Q

Muscular organ that projects into the mouth; aids in chewing and swallowing; one of the principal organs of speech

A

Tongue

134
Q

Leaf shaped cartilage; guards the entrance of the trachea during swallowing; covers the opening of the larynx

A

Epiglottis

135
Q

Region of the stomach leading into the small intestine

A

Pylorus

136
Q

Controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

137
Q

Between the far end of the stomach and the small intestine; important in regulating how rapidly food moves into the small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter

138
Q

Folds of the lining formed when the stomach is empty

A

Rugae

139
Q

Promotes secretions and motility

A

Gastrin (hormone)

140
Q

Longest part of the digestive tract

A

Small intestine

141
Q

First part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

142
Q

Past the duodenum

A

Jejunum

143
Q

Last part of the small intestine

A

Ileum

144
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, motility, digestion, absorption

145
Q

Bands that draw up the organs wall to give it its puckered appearance

A

Teniae coli

146
Q

Small pouch; first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

147
Q
A

NU-110 (4 decks)

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