Exam 1 Full Overview Flashcards
1
Q
The study of body structure
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The study of how the body functions
A
Physiology
3
Q
Level of Organization
A
Chemicals, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, whole body
4
Q
What system consists of the skin
A
Integumentary
5
Q
Purpose of the integumentary system and structures
A
Protects against injury and infection; hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
6
Q
What system is the body’s basic framework
A
Skeletal
7
Q
What does the skeletal system contain
A
206 bones and joints
8
Q
What system is attached to the bones and produce movement of the skeleton
A
Muscular
9
Q
What is the purpose of the muscular system
A
Give the body structure, protect organs, and maintain posture
10
Q
What system is the body controlled and coordinated by
A
Nervous
11
Q
What makes up the nervous system
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs, and receptors of general senses
12
Q
What system produces special substances called hormones
A
Endocrine
13
Q
What is the purpose of hormones
A
Regulate growth, nutrient utilization, and reproduction
14
Q
What are examples of endocrine glands
A
Thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal
15
Q
What system pumps the blood to all body tissues bringing nutrients, oxygen, and other needed substances
A
Cardiovascular
16
Q
What makes up the cardiovascular system and what is the purpose
A
Heart and blood vessels; carries waste materials away from the tissues to be eliminated
17
Q
What system assists in circulation by returning fluids from the tissues to the blood
A
Lymphatic
18
Q
What are examples of lymphatic organs and what are their roles
A
Tonsils, thymus, and spleen; immunity and absorption of dietary fats
19
Q
What system brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide
A
Respiratory
20
Q
What does the respiratory system include
A
Lungs and its passages
21
Q
What system takes in nutrients and converts it into a form the body can use and absorb them into the circulation
A
Digestive
22
Q
What does the digestive system include
A
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
23
Q
What system rids the body of waste and excess water and is the main mechanism for balancing the volume and composition of body fluids
A
Urinary
24
Q
What are the components of the urinary system
A
Kidneys, the ureters, bladder, and urethra
25
What system is used for the production of offspring
Reproductive
26
What makes up the reproductive system
External sex organs and related internal organs
27
Normal body function maintains a state of internal balance or constancy known as
Homeostasis
28
What must remain within a somewhat narrow range or "set point"
Regulated variables
29
The main method for maintain homeostasis
Negative feedback
30
What three components does a negative feedback loop need to contain
Sensor, control center, and effector
31
What gathers information about a specific variable in the negative feedback loop
Sensor
32
What compares the sensor inputs with the set point in the negative feedback loop
Control center
33
What decreases or increases its activity in response to signals from the control center in the negative feedback loop
Effector
34
What separates the internal environment from the external environment
Barrier
35
What are the mucous membrane and the plasma membrane examples of
Barriers
36
The fluid within cells
Intracellular fluid
37
The fluid outside the cell
Extracellular fluid
38
A difference in specific physical or chemical values between two areas
Gradient
39
Above or in higher position
Superior
40
Below or lower
Inferior
41
Toward the belly surface or front of the body
Anterior or ventral
42
Locations nearer the back
Posterior or dorsal
43
Nearer to the midline of the body; dividing it into left and right portions
Medial
44
Farther away from the midline; toward the side
Lateral
45
Nearer to the origin or attachment point of a structure
Proximal
46
Farther from the origin or attachment point of a structure
Distal
47
Dividing the body into anterior, or ventral (front) and posterior, or dorsal (back) portions
Frontal or coronal plane
48
Dividing the body into left and right portions
Sagittal plane
49
Dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Transverse or horizontal plane
50
What are the two main body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
51
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
Cranial and spinal cavities
52
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
53
What cavity contains the brain
Cranial
54
What cavity encloses the spinal cord
Spinal
55
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Diaphragm
56
What cavity contains the heart, lungs, and large blood vessels that join the heart
Thoracic
57
What cavity contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
Abdominal
58
What cavity contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and the internal parts of the reproductive system
Pelvic
59
Cephalic
Head
60
Cranial
Skull
61
Facial
Face
62
Frontal
Forehead
63
Ocular
Eye
64
Oral
Mouth
65
Thoracic
Chest
66
Brachial
Arm
67
Antebrachial
Forearm
68
Carpal
Wrist
69
Manual
Hand
70
Femoral
Thigh
71
Crural
Leg
72
Pedal
Foot
73
Mammary
Breast
74
Axillary
Armpit
75
Antecubital
Inner elbow
76
Umbilical
Navel
77
Inguinal
Groin
78
Pubis
Pubic
79
Palmar
Palm
80
Phalangeal
Fingers and toes
81
Patellar
Knee cap
82
Tarsal
Ankle
83
Parietal
Crown
84
Occipital
Base of skull
85
Cervical
Neck
86
Deltoid
Lateral shoulder
87
Lumbar
Small of back
88
Sacral
Sacrum
89
Gluteal
Buttock
90
Popliteal
Back of knee
91
Plantar
Sole of foot
92
Acromial
Shoulder
93
Scapular
Shoulder blade
94
Iliac
Hip
95
Sural
Calf
96
Calcaneal
Heel
97
The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter
Chemistry
98
The unique substances that make up all matter
Elements
99
What are the elements that make up 96% of the body weight
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
100
What are positively charged particles and where are they located
Protons; the nucleus
101
What are noncharged particles and where are they located
Neutrons; the nucleus
102
What are negatively charged particles and where are they located
Electrons; in orbit around the nucleus
103
What bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ionic
104
An atom or group of atoms that have acquired a positive or negative charge
Ion
105
Any ion that is positively charged
Cation
106
Any negatively charged ion
Anion
107
What bond is formed when electrons are shared between the atoms
Covalent
108
When two or more atoms unite covalently, they form a
Molecule
109
A homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another
Solution
110
The dissolving subtance
Solvent
111
The substance being dissolved
Solute
112
A heterogeneous mixture where the solute doesn't dissolve and will settle unless its constantly shaken
Suspension
113
A heterogeneous mixture where the solute doesn't dissolve but remains evenly distributed
Colloid
114
What is the most abundant compound in the body
Water
115
What is the universal solvent
Water
116
The greater the hydrogen ions in a solution, the greater the...
Acidity
117
The greater the hydroxide ions, the greater the...
Alkalinity
118
Average pH range of the blood
7.35 to 7.45
119
What forms a system that prevents sharp changes in hydrogen ion concentration and maintains a relatively constant pH
Buffers
120
What element are all organic compounds built on
Carbon
121
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
122
What are monosaccharides
simple sugars
123
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
124
What are proteins that act as catalysts
Enzyme
125
What are substances that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
126
Complex substances are broken down into simpler components
Catabolism
127
Simple substances are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function, and tissue repair
Anabolism
128
The basic unit of all life
Cell
129
Lipids that contain phosphorus
Phospholipids
130
The control center of the cell that contains chromosomes
Nucleus
131
The material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
132
The outer layer of the cell; composed of mainly lipids and proteins
Plasma membrane
133
Short extensions of the plasma membrane
Microvillii
134
Large, membrane-bound, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell
Nucleus
135
Small body in the nucleus
Nucleolus
136
The fluid part of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
137
Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum ER
138
Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER
Ribosomes
139
Layers of membranes
Golgi apparatus
140
Large organelles with internal folded membranes known as the power house
Mitochondria
141
Small sacs of digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
142
Membrane-enclosed organelles containing organelles containing enzymes
Peroxisomes
143
Barrel-shaped organelles
Proteasomes
144
Small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm
Vesicles
145
Rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus
Centrioles
146
Short, hairlike projections from the cell
Cilia
147
Long, whiplike extension from the cell
Flagellum
148
The plasma membrane is described as
Semipermeable
149
Movement through the plasma membrane that does not require the chemical energy of ATP
Passive
150
What are the passive mechanisms
Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
151
What is the net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Diffusion
152
What is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration
Osmosis
153
What is the passage of materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
Filtration
154
The movement of solutes that uses the chemical energy of ATP
Active
155
The term that describes the movement of materials into the cell using vesicles
Endocytosis
156
The cell moves materials out in vesicles
Exocytosis
157
Movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using transporters
Active transport (pumps)
158
Movement of large amounts of materials through the plasma membrane using vesicles
Vesicular transport
159
Has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell
Isotonic
160
Has a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell
Hypotonic
161
Has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell
Hypertonic
162
What process begins with the copying of information from DNA to RNA in the nucleus
Transcription
163
The process where each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
164
The stage where DNA replicates
Interphase
165
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
166
Stage where each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes
Prophase
167
Stage where the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers
Metaphase
168
Stage where the centromere splits and the replicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
169
The stage where a membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes forming two new nuclei
Telophase
170
What are the four main tissue groups
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervouse
171
What tissue covers surfaces, lines cavitation, and forms glands
Epithelial
172
What tissue supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body
Connective
173
What tissue contracts and produces movement
Muscle
174
What tissue conducts nerve impulses
Nervous
175
The cells may be arranged in a single layer, in which the epithelium is describes as...
Simple
176
Epithelial cells that are in multiple layers
Stratified
177
If the cells are staggered so that they appear to be in multiple layers but really are not
Pseudostratified
178
What is capable of great expansion but returns to its original form once tension is relaxed
Transitional epithelium
179
What glands produce secretions that are carried out of the body using ducts or tubes
Exocrine
180
What are single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucous
Goblet cells
181
What glands secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
Endocrine
182
Has a fluid consistency; it's cells are suspended in a liquid matrix; softest of the connective tissues
Circulating connective tissue
183
Has a soft consistency, similar to jelly; semi liquid
Loose connective tissue
184
Contains many fibers and is quite strong; has fibroblasts that synthesize a collagen-rich matrix
Dense connective tissue
185
Structural material that provides reinforcement; shock absorber and reduces friction between moving parts
Cartilage
186
The hardest type of connective tissue; becomes impregnated with salts of calcium and phosphorus
Bone tissue
187
Another name for bone tissue
Osseous tissue
188
Referring to loose connective tissue to any small space
Areolar tissue
189
Type of loose connective tissue that stores fats, a heat insulator
Adipose tissue
190
Dense connective tissue that has mostly collagen out fibers; covers the kidney and liver and strengthens skin
Irregular dense connective tissue
191
Dense connective tissue that contains the tendons and ligaments
Regular dense connective tissue
192
Connect muscle to bone
Tendon
193
Connective bone to bone
Ligaments
194
Tough translucent material that covers the end of long bones; found at tip of your nose and trachea
Hyaline cartilage
195
Firm and rigid; found between the vertebrae in the spine,hip, and knee joint
Fibrocartilage
196
Can swing back into shape after it's bent; found at the outer portion of the ear and larynx
Elastic cartilage
197
Cells that form bone
Osteoblasts
198
Mature osteoblasts
Osteocytes
199
Muscle that works with tendons and bones; voluntary muscle; multiple nuclei
Skeletal muscle
200
Muscle that forms the bulk of the heart wall; involuntary muscle; has branching
Cardiac muscle
201
Another name for cardiac muscle
Myocardium
202
Muscle that forms the walls of the hollow organs in the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, and urinary bladder; involuntary muscle; one nucleus
Smooth muscle
203
Basic unit of nervous tissue
Neuron
204
Thin sheets of tissue; cover surfaces, dividing portions, line hollow organs and body cavities, and anchor organs
Membranes
205
Lines the walls of body cavities and covers internal organs
Serous membranes
206
Line tube's and other spaces that open to the outside of the body
Mucous membranes
207
Known as the skin
Cutaneous membrane
208
Lines the thoracic cavity and covers each lung
Pleurae
209
Forms part of a sac that encloses the heart; located in the chest between the lungs
Serous pericardium
210
Largest serous membrane; lines the wall of the abdominal cavity, covers abdominal organs, forms supporting and protective structures
Peritoneum
211
Contain goblet cells that produce mucous
Mucous membranes
212
Thin layers of areolar tissue that line the joint cavities
Synovial membranes
213
Several membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
214
Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place
Fascia
215
Continuous sheet of tissue that underlines the skin
Superficial fascia
216
Covers, operates, and protects skeletal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
Deep fascia
217
Forms the cavity that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium
218
The membrane covering a bone
Periosteum
219
Membrane covering cartilage
Perichondrium
220
What are the functions of the blood
Transportation, protection, and regulation
221
What does the body regulae of the the blood in order to maintain homeostasis
Volume and composition
222
Red blood cells; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
223
White blood cells; defend against infections and cancer
Leukocytes
224
Platelets are also know as; cell fragments that participate in blood clotting
Thrombocytes
225
What percentage of the blood volume does plasma make up
55%
226
What percentage of blood volume does formed elements make up
45%
227
The most abundant protein in plasma; necessary to maintain normal blood volume
Albumin
228
Necessary for preventing blood loss from damaged vessels
Clotting factors
229
A protein that contains iron in red blood cells that binds oxygen
Hemoglobin
230
Life span for erythrocytes
120 days
231
Stain with acidic or basic dyes; shows lavender granules when stained
Neutrophils
232
Stain with acidic dyes; show beadlike, bright pink granules when stained
Eosinophils
233
Stain with basic dyes; have large, dark blue granules that can obscure the nucleus
Basophils
234
Mature and can multiply in lymphoid tissue; second most numerous of white blood cells
Lymphocytes
235
Largest of white blood cells
Monocytes
236
Smallest of all formed elements
Blood platelets
237
Life span of thrombocytes
Ten days
238
The process that prevents blood loss from circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury
Hemostasis
239
Reduction in the vessels diameter; reduces blood flow and loss
Contraction
240
Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defects to form a temporary plug
Platelet plug
241
The process of coagulation
Blood clot
242
Prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to; what is needed for this step
Thrombin; calcium
243
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into
Insoluble fibrin
244
Clumping
Agglutination
245
Antibodies that recognize red cell antigens
Agglutinins
246
What are the blood types
A, B, AB, O
247
Universal donor
Type O
248
Universal recipient
Type AB
249
Measures how much of the blood volume is taken up by red cells
Hematocrit
250
What are the functions of the lymphatic system
Fluid balance, protection, and absorption of fats
251
What does the right lymphatic duct contain and where does it drain
The right side of the head, neck, thorax, and right upper extremity; empties into the right subclavian vein
252
Where does the thoracic duct drain
Left subclavian vein
253
What moves lymph
Contraction of skeletal muscle, breathing
254
What filters lymph as it travels through the lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
255
Located in the neck, dran parts of the head and neck
Cervical nodes
256
Nodes located in the armpit
Axillary nodes
257
Nodes found near the trachea and around bronchial tubes
Tracheobronchial nodes
258
Nodes found between two layers of peritoneum
Mesenteric nodes
259
Nodes located in the groin
Inguinal nodes
260
Filters blood
The spleen
261
Functions of the spleen
Destroys old RBC, produces RBC after birth, holds blood in case of emergencies
262
Where do T cells mature
Thymus
263
Attack microorganisms and environmental contaminants using phagocytosis and antibodies
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT
264
Largest aggregation of MALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT
265
Defenses that are inherited at birth
Innate defenses
266
White blood cells take in and destroy waste, cancer cells, and pathogens
Phagocytosis
267
Type of lymphocyte that kill foreign and abnormal cells on contact
Natural killer (NK) cells
268
Dilated arterioles and increases capillary weakness, resulting in redness and swelling
Histamine
269
Activate pain receptors
Prostaglandins
270
Benefits of fever
Stimulates phagocytosis, increases metabolism, and decreases certain organisms ability to multiply
271
Destroy certain abnormal cells directly
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
272
Control immune responses by releasing interleukins
Helper T cells (Th)
273
Suppress the immune response in order to prevent overactivity
Regulatory T cells (Treg)
274
Remember an antigens and start a rapid response if that antigens is contacted again
Memory T cells
