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NU-110 > Exam 1 Full Overview > Flashcards

Exam 1 Full Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The study of body structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of how the body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Level of Organization

A

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, whole body

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4
Q

What system consists of the skin

A

Integumentary

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5
Q

Purpose of the integumentary system and structures

A

Protects against injury and infection; hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

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6
Q

What system is the body’s basic framework

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

What does the skeletal system contain

A

206 bones and joints

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8
Q

What system is attached to the bones and produce movement of the skeleton

A

Muscular

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the muscular system

A

Give the body structure, protect organs, and maintain posture

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10
Q

What system is the body controlled and coordinated by

A

Nervous

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11
Q

What makes up the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs, and receptors of general senses

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12
Q

What system produces special substances called hormones

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

What is the purpose of hormones

A

Regulate growth, nutrient utilization, and reproduction

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14
Q

What are examples of endocrine glands

A

Thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal

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15
Q

What system pumps the blood to all body tissues bringing nutrients, oxygen, and other needed substances

A

Cardiovascular

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16
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system and what is the purpose

A

Heart and blood vessels; carries waste materials away from the tissues to be eliminated

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17
Q

What system assists in circulation by returning fluids from the tissues to the blood

A

Lymphatic

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18
Q

What are examples of lymphatic organs and what are their roles

A

Tonsils, thymus, and spleen; immunity and absorption of dietary fats

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19
Q

What system brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory

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20
Q

What does the respiratory system include

A

Lungs and its passages

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21
Q

What system takes in nutrients and converts it into a form the body can use and absorb them into the circulation

A

Digestive

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22
Q

What does the digestive system include

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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23
Q

What system rids the body of waste and excess water and is the main mechanism for balancing the volume and composition of body fluids

A

Urinary

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24
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, the ureters, bladder, and urethra

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25
Q

What system is used for the production of offspring

A

Reproductive

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26
Q

What makes up the reproductive system

A

External sex organs and related internal organs

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27
Q

Normal body function maintains a state of internal balance or constancy known as

A

Homeostasis

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28
Q

What must remain within a somewhat narrow range or “set point”

A

Regulated variables

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29
Q

The main method for maintain homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

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30
Q

What three components does a negative feedback loop need to contain

A

Sensor, control center, and effector

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31
Q

What gathers information about a specific variable in the negative feedback loop

A

Sensor

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32
Q

What compares the sensor inputs with the set point in the negative feedback loop

A

Control center

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33
Q

What decreases or increases its activity in response to signals from the control center in the negative feedback loop

A

Effector

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34
Q

What separates the internal environment from the external environment

A

Barrier

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35
Q

What are the mucous membrane and the plasma membrane examples of

A

Barriers

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36
Q

The fluid within cells

A

Intracellular fluid

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37
Q

The fluid outside the cell

A

Extracellular fluid

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38
Q

A difference in specific physical or chemical values between two areas

A

Gradient

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39
Q

Above or in higher position

A

Superior

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40
Q

Below or lower

A

Inferior

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41
Q

Toward the belly surface or front of the body

A

Anterior or ventral

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42
Q

Locations nearer the back

A

Posterior or dorsal

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43
Q

Nearer to the midline of the body; dividing it into left and right portions

A

Medial

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44
Q

Farther away from the midline; toward the side

A

Lateral

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45
Q

Nearer to the origin or attachment point of a structure

A

Proximal

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46
Q

Farther from the origin or attachment point of a structure

A

Distal

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47
Q

Dividing the body into anterior, or ventral (front) and posterior, or dorsal (back) portions

A

Frontal or coronal plane

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48
Q

Dividing the body into left and right portions

A

Sagittal plane

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49
Q

Dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

A

Transverse or horizontal plane

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50
Q

What are the two main body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

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51
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

A

Cranial and spinal cavities

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52
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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53
Q

What cavity contains the brain

A

Cranial

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54
Q

What cavity encloses the spinal cord

A

Spinal

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55
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Diaphragm

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56
Q

What cavity contains the heart, lungs, and large blood vessels that join the heart

A

Thoracic

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57
Q

What cavity contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen

A

Abdominal

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58
Q

What cavity contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and the internal parts of the reproductive system

A

Pelvic

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59
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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60
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

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61
Q

Facial

A

Face

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62
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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63
Q

Ocular

A

Eye

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64
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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65
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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66
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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67
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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68
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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69
Q

Manual

A

Hand

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70
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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71
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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72
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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73
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

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74
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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75
Q

Antecubital

A

Inner elbow

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76
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

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77
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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78
Q

Pubis

A

Pubic

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79
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

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80
Q

Phalangeal

A

Fingers and toes

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81
Q

Patellar

A

Knee cap

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82
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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83
Q

Parietal

A

Crown

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84
Q

Occipital

A

Base of skull

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85
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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86
Q

Deltoid

A

Lateral shoulder

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87
Q

Lumbar

A

Small of back

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88
Q

Sacral

A

Sacrum

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89
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

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90
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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91
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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92
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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93
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade

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94
Q

Iliac

A

Hip

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95
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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96
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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97
Q

The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter

A

Chemistry

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98
Q

The unique substances that make up all matter

A

Elements

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99
Q

What are the elements that make up 96% of the body weight

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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100
Q

What are positively charged particles and where are they located

A

Protons; the nucleus

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101
Q

What are noncharged particles and where are they located

A

Neutrons; the nucleus

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102
Q

What are negatively charged particles and where are they located

A

Electrons; in orbit around the nucleus

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103
Q

What bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic

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104
Q

An atom or group of atoms that have acquired a positive or negative charge

A

Ion

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105
Q

Any ion that is positively charged

A

Cation

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106
Q

Any negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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107
Q

What bond is formed when electrons are shared between the atoms

A

Covalent

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108
Q

When two or more atoms unite covalently, they form a

A

Molecule

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109
Q

A homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another

A

Solution

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110
Q

The dissolving subtance

A

Solvent

111
Q

The substance being dissolved

A

Solute

112
Q

A heterogeneous mixture where the solute doesn’t dissolve and will settle unless its constantly shaken

A

Suspension

113
Q

A heterogeneous mixture where the solute doesn’t dissolve but remains evenly distributed

A

Colloid

114
Q

What is the most abundant compound in the body

A

Water

115
Q

What is the universal solvent

A

Water

116
Q

The greater the hydrogen ions in a solution, the greater the…

A

Acidity

117
Q

The greater the hydroxide ions, the greater the…

A

Alkalinity

118
Q

Average pH range of the blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

119
Q

What forms a system that prevents sharp changes in hydrogen ion concentration and maintains a relatively constant pH

A

Buffers

120
Q

What element are all organic compounds built on

A

Carbon

121
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

122
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

123
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

124
Q

What are proteins that act as catalysts

A

Enzyme

125
Q

What are substances that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

126
Q

Complex substances are broken down into simpler components

A

Catabolism

127
Q

Simple substances are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function, and tissue repair

A

Anabolism

128
Q

The basic unit of all life

A

Cell

129
Q

Lipids that contain phosphorus

A

Phospholipids

130
Q

The control center of the cell that contains chromosomes

A

Nucleus

131
Q

The material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

132
Q

The outer layer of the cell; composed of mainly lipids and proteins

A

Plasma membrane

133
Q

Short extensions of the plasma membrane

A

Microvillii

134
Q

Large, membrane-bound, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

135
Q

Small body in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

136
Q

The fluid part of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

137
Q

Network of membranes within the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum ER

138
Q

Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER

A

Ribosomes

139
Q

Layers of membranes

A

Golgi apparatus

140
Q

Large organelles with internal folded membranes known as the power house

A

Mitochondria

141
Q

Small sacs of digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

142
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles containing organelles containing enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

143
Q

Barrel-shaped organelles

A

Proteasomes

144
Q

Small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm

A

Vesicles

145
Q

Rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus

A

Centrioles

146
Q

Short, hairlike projections from the cell

A

Cilia

147
Q

Long, whiplike extension from the cell

A

Flagellum

148
Q

The plasma membrane is described as

A

Semipermeable

149
Q

Movement through the plasma membrane that does not require the chemical energy of ATP

A

Passive

150
Q

What are the passive mechanisms

A

Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

151
Q

What is the net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

152
Q

What is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration

A

Osmosis

153
Q

What is the passage of materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

A

Filtration

154
Q

The movement of solutes that uses the chemical energy of ATP

A

Active

155
Q

The term that describes the movement of materials into the cell using vesicles

A

Endocytosis

156
Q

The cell moves materials out in vesicles

A

Exocytosis

157
Q

Movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient using transporters

A

Active transport (pumps)

158
Q

Movement of large amounts of materials through the plasma membrane using vesicles

A

Vesicular transport

159
Q

Has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell

A

Isotonic

160
Q

Has a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell

A

Hypotonic

161
Q

Has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell

A

Hypertonic

162
Q

What process begins with the copying of information from DNA to RNA in the nucleus

A

Transcription

163
Q

The process where each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

164
Q

The stage where DNA replicates

A

Interphase

165
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

166
Q

Stage where each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes

A

Prophase

167
Q

Stage where the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

168
Q

Stage where the centromere splits and the replicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell

A

Anaphase

169
Q

The stage where a membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes forming two new nuclei

A

Telophase

170
Q

What are the four main tissue groups

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervouse

171
Q

What tissue covers surfaces, lines cavitation, and forms glands

A

Epithelial

172
Q

What tissue supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body

A

Connective

173
Q

What tissue contracts and produces movement

A

Muscle

174
Q

What tissue conducts nerve impulses

A

Nervous

175
Q

The cells may be arranged in a single layer, in which the epithelium is describes as…

A

Simple

176
Q

Epithelial cells that are in multiple layers

A

Stratified

177
Q

If the cells are staggered so that they appear to be in multiple layers but really are not

A

Pseudostratified

178
Q

What is capable of great expansion but returns to its original form once tension is relaxed

A

Transitional epithelium

179
Q

What glands produce secretions that are carried out of the body using ducts or tubes

A

Exocrine

180
Q

What are single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucous

A

Goblet cells

181
Q

What glands secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid

A

Endocrine

182
Q

Has a fluid consistency; it’s cells are suspended in a liquid matrix; softest of the connective tissues

A

Circulating connective tissue

183
Q

Has a soft consistency, similar to jelly; semi liquid

A

Loose connective tissue

184
Q

Contains many fibers and is quite strong; has fibroblasts that synthesize a collagen-rich matrix

A

Dense connective tissue

185
Q

Structural material that provides reinforcement; shock absorber and reduces friction between moving parts

A

Cartilage

186
Q

The hardest type of connective tissue; becomes impregnated with salts of calcium and phosphorus

A

Bone tissue

187
Q

Another name for bone tissue

A

Osseous tissue

188
Q

Referring to loose connective tissue to any small space

A

Areolar tissue

189
Q

Type of loose connective tissue that stores fats, a heat insulator

A

Adipose tissue

190
Q

Dense connective tissue that has mostly collagen out fibers; covers the kidney and liver and strengthens skin

A

Irregular dense connective tissue

191
Q

Dense connective tissue that contains the tendons and ligaments

A

Regular dense connective tissue

192
Q

Connect muscle to bone

A

Tendon

193
Q

Connective bone to bone

A

Ligaments

194
Q

Tough translucent material that covers the end of long bones; found at tip of your nose and trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage

195
Q

Firm and rigid; found between the vertebrae in the spine,hip, and knee joint

A

Fibrocartilage

196
Q

Can swing back into shape after it’s bent; found at the outer portion of the ear and larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

197
Q

Cells that form bone

A

Osteoblasts

198
Q

Mature osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

199
Q

Muscle that works with tendons and bones; voluntary muscle; multiple nuclei

A

Skeletal muscle

200
Q

Muscle that forms the bulk of the heart wall; involuntary muscle; has branching

A

Cardiac muscle

201
Q

Another name for cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

202
Q

Muscle that forms the walls of the hollow organs in the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, and urinary bladder; involuntary muscle; one nucleus

A

Smooth muscle

203
Q

Basic unit of nervous tissue

A

Neuron

204
Q

Thin sheets of tissue; cover surfaces, dividing portions, line hollow organs and body cavities, and anchor organs

A

Membranes

205
Q

Lines the walls of body cavities and covers internal organs

A

Serous membranes

206
Q

Line tube’s and other spaces that open to the outside of the body

A

Mucous membranes

207
Q

Known as the skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

208
Q

Lines the thoracic cavity and covers each lung

A

Pleurae

209
Q

Forms part of a sac that encloses the heart; located in the chest between the lungs

A

Serous pericardium

210
Q

Largest serous membrane; lines the wall of the abdominal cavity, covers abdominal organs, forms supporting and protective structures

A

Peritoneum

211
Q

Contain goblet cells that produce mucous

A

Mucous membranes

212
Q

Thin layers of areolar tissue that line the joint cavities

A

Synovial membranes

213
Q

Several membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

214
Q

Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place

A

Fascia

215
Q

Continuous sheet of tissue that underlines the skin

A

Superficial fascia

216
Q

Covers, operates, and protects skeletal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

A

Deep fascia

217
Q

Forms the cavity that encloses the heart

A

Fibrous pericardium

218
Q

The membrane covering a bone

A

Periosteum

219
Q

Membrane covering cartilage

A

Perichondrium

220
Q

What are the functions of the blood

A

Transportation, protection, and regulation

221
Q

What does the body regulae of the the blood in order to maintain homeostasis

A

Volume and composition

222
Q

Red blood cells; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

223
Q

White blood cells; defend against infections and cancer

A

Leukocytes

224
Q

Platelets are also know as; cell fragments that participate in blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes

225
Q

What percentage of the blood volume does plasma make up

A

55%

226
Q

What percentage of blood volume does formed elements make up

A

45%

227
Q

The most abundant protein in plasma; necessary to maintain normal blood volume

A

Albumin

228
Q

Necessary for preventing blood loss from damaged vessels

A

Clotting factors

229
Q

A protein that contains iron in red blood cells that binds oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

230
Q

Life span for erythrocytes

A

120 days

231
Q

Stain with acidic or basic dyes; shows lavender granules when stained

A

Neutrophils

232
Q

Stain with acidic dyes; show beadlike, bright pink granules when stained

A

Eosinophils

233
Q

Stain with basic dyes; have large, dark blue granules that can obscure the nucleus

A

Basophils

234
Q

Mature and can multiply in lymphoid tissue; second most numerous of white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes

235
Q

Largest of white blood cells

A

Monocytes

236
Q

Smallest of all formed elements

A

Blood platelets

237
Q

Life span of thrombocytes

A

Ten days

238
Q

The process that prevents blood loss from circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury

A

Hemostasis

239
Q

Reduction in the vessels diameter; reduces blood flow and loss

A

Contraction

240
Q

Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defects to form a temporary plug

A

Platelet plug

241
Q

The process of coagulation

A

Blood clot

242
Q

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to; what is needed for this step

A

Thrombin; calcium

243
Q

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into

A

Insoluble fibrin

244
Q

Clumping

A

Agglutination

245
Q

Antibodies that recognize red cell antigens

A

Agglutinins

246
Q

What are the blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

247
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O

248
Q

Universal recipient

A

Type AB

249
Q

Measures how much of the blood volume is taken up by red cells

A

Hematocrit

250
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance, protection, and absorption of fats

251
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct contain and where does it drain

A

The right side of the head, neck, thorax, and right upper extremity; empties into the right subclavian vein

252
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain

A

Left subclavian vein

253
Q

What moves lymph

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle, breathing

254
Q

What filters lymph as it travels through the lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph nodes

255
Q

Located in the neck, dran parts of the head and neck

A

Cervical nodes

256
Q

Nodes located in the armpit

A

Axillary nodes

257
Q

Nodes found near the trachea and around bronchial tubes

A

Tracheobronchial nodes

258
Q

Nodes found between two layers of peritoneum

A

Mesenteric nodes

259
Q

Nodes located in the groin

A

Inguinal nodes

260
Q

Filters blood

A

The spleen

261
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Destroys old RBC, produces RBC after birth, holds blood in case of emergencies

262
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

263
Q

Attack microorganisms and environmental contaminants using phagocytosis and antibodies

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT

264
Q

Largest aggregation of MALT

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT

265
Q

Defenses that are inherited at birth

A

Innate defenses

266
Q

White blood cells take in and destroy waste, cancer cells, and pathogens

A

Phagocytosis

267
Q

Type of lymphocyte that kill foreign and abnormal cells on contact

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

268
Q

Dilated arterioles and increases capillary weakness, resulting in redness and swelling

A

Histamine

269
Q

Activate pain receptors

A

Prostaglandins

270
Q

Benefits of fever

A

Stimulates phagocytosis, increases metabolism, and decreases certain organisms ability to multiply

271
Q

Destroy certain abnormal cells directly

A

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

272
Q

Control immune responses by releasing interleukins

A

Helper T cells (Th)

273
Q

Suppress the immune response in order to prevent overactivity

A

Regulatory T cells (Treg)

274
Q

Remember an antigens and start a rapid response if that antigens is contacted again

A

Memory T cells

NU-110 (4 decks)

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