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NU-110 > Exam 2 Full Overview > Flashcards

Exam 2 Full Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal rhythm of the heart beat; dysrhythmia

A

Arrhythmia

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2
Q

One of the hearts two upper chambers

A

Atrium

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3
Q

Heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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4
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute; the product of stroke volume and heart rate

A

Cardiac output

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5
Q

Referring to the heart or to the arteries supplying blood to the heart

A

Coronary

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6
Q

Relaxation

A

Diastole

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7
Q

Instrument to study the heart by means of ultrasound

A

Echocardiograph

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8
Q

Instrument to study the hearts electric activity

A

Electrocardiograph (ECG, EKG)

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9
Q

Membrane that forms the hearts walls outermost layer and is continuous with the lining of the fibrous pericardium

A

Epicardium; visceral pericardium

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10
Q

Region between the lungs and the organs and vessels it contains

A

Mediastinum

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11
Q

Abnormal heart sound

A

Murmur

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12
Q

Middle layer of the heart wall; heart muscle

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

Group of cells or artificial device that sets activity rate

A

Pacemaker

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14
Q

The sinoatrial node that normally initiates contractions

A

Pacemaker

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15
Q

Fibrous sac lined with serous membrane that encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

Dividing wall

A

Septum

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17
Q

Contraction

A

Systole

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18
Q

Heart rate more than 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

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19
Q

Structure that prevents fluid from flowing backward, as in the heart, veins, and lymphatic vessels

A

Valve

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20
Q

One of the hearts two lower chambers

A

Ventricles

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21
Q

Part of the hearts conduction system located in the interatrial space at the bottom of the right atrium

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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22
Q

system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that transports blood throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular system

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23
Q

Valve between the hearts left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral or bicuspid valve

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24
Q

Part of the hearts conduction system that branches through the ventricular walls

A

Perkinje fibers

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25
Q

Tissue in the right atriums upper wall that sets the rate of heart contractions; the hearts pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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26
Q

Amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each beat

A

Stroke volume

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27
Q

Valve between the hearts right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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28
Q

The continuous one-way circuit of blood though the blood vessels

A

Circulation

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29
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Between the lungs and just superior to the diaphragm in the mediastinum

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30
Q

Pointed inferior region of the heart

A

Apex

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31
Q

Broad or flattened superior region of the heart

A

Base

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32
Q

Thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior

A

Endocardium

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33
Q

Brings blood from head, chest, and arms to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava

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34
Q

Brings blood from the trunk and legs to the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava

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35
Q

Receives blood low in oxygen returning from the body tissues

A

Right Atrium

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36
Q

Sends blood low in oxygen to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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37
Q

Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

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38
Q

Sends highly oxygenated blood to the body

A

Left ventricle

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39
Q

The largest artery; carries blood out of the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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40
Q

Entrance valves, between the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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41
Q

Exit valves

A

Semilunar valves

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42
Q

Semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs

A

Pulmonary valve

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43
Q

Semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic valve

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44
Q

Fibrous threads that stabilize the hearts AV valve flaps

A

Chordae Tendineae

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45
Q

Higher pressure in the pulmonary artery; closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to the ventricle

A

Back pressure

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46
Q

Supply blood to the heart muscle

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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47
Q

One complete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation

A

Cardiac cycle

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48
Q

Located at the top of the interventricular septum; bundle of His

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

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49
Q

A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node

A

Sinus rhythm

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50
Q

The number of times the heart beats per minute

A

Heart rate

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51
Q

Vessel between a small artery and a capillary

A

Arteriole

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52
Q

Carry blood away from the heart and toward the tissues

A

Artery

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53
Q

Receptor that responds to pressure; type of mechanoreceptor

A

Baroreceptor

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54
Q

Movement of water and dissolved substances through the gaps in the capillary wall down a pressure gradient rather than a concentration gradient

A

Bulk flow

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55
Q

Ease with which a hollow structure can be expanded under pressure

A

Compliance

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56
Q

Site of exchanges between blood and tissues

A

Capillary

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57
Q

Capacity of a structure to return to its original shape after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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58
Q

Wave of increased pressure in the vessels produced by heart contraction

A

Pulse

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59
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Pulse pressure

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60
Q

Enlarged capillary that serves as a blood channel

A

Sinusoid

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61
Q

Device used to measure blood pressure; blood pressure cuff

A

Sphygmomanometer

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62
Q

Decrease in a blood vessels lumen diameter

A

Vasoconstriction

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63
Q

Increase in a blood vessels lumen diameter

A

Vasodilation

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64
Q

Pertaining to dilation or constriction of blood vessels

A

Vasomotor

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65
Q

Vessel that carries blood toward the heart

A

Vein

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66
Q

Large vein that carries blood in the hearts right atrium; superior and inferior portions

A

Vena cava

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67
Q

Large channel that drains blood low in oxygen

A

Venous sinus

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68
Q

Vessel between a capillary and a vein

A

Venule

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69
Q

Receptor that responds to chemicals in body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

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70
Q

Lowest pressure measured in the arteries after relaxation of the heart contraction

A

Diastolic pressure

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71
Q

The maximum pressure that develops in the arteries after heart muscle contraction

A

Systolic pressure

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72
Q

The average pressure in the arteries

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

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73
Q

Stretch; the amount of volume being returned to the heart

A

Preload

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74
Q

Squeeze; the amount of resistance that the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood

A

Afterload

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75
Q

Circuit that delivers blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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76
Q

What arteries carry blood low in oxygen

A

Pulmonary arteries

77
Q

What veins carry blood high in oxygen

A

Pulmonary veins

78
Q

Circuit that supplies nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues and carries waste materials away from the tissues for disposal

A

Systemic circuit

79
Q

What arteries carry blood high in oxygen

A

Systemic arteries

80
Q

What veins carry blood low in oxygen

A

Systemic veins

81
Q

Communication between two vessels

A

Anastomoses

82
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

83
Q

What are the portions the aorta divides into

A

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta

84
Q

What makes up the descending aorta

A

Thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta

85
Q

What artery supplies the arm and head on the right side

A

Brachiocephalic artery

86
Q

What are the spaces between the two layers of the dura mater

A

Cranial sinuses

87
Q

Outermost layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

88
Q

What are veins near the surface

A

Superficial

89
Q

What are veins that are closer to the interior and generally parallel to arteries

A

Deep

90
Q

What drains the systemic circuit and empty into the right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

91
Q

Between; pertaining to an organs spaces or structures between active tissues; fluid between cells

A

Interstitial fluid

92
Q

Movement of solutes from a region where they are in higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration

A

Diffusion

93
Q

Pushes fluid out of the capillary

A

Blood pressure

94
Q

Pulls fluid back into the capillary

A

Osmotic pressure

95
Q

Where are vasomotor activities regulated

A

The medulla of the brain stem

96
Q

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the vessels and is the force propelling blood to the tissues

A

Blood pressure

97
Q

High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

98
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Hypotension

99
Q

What is the normal range for blood pressure

A

120/80

100
Q

What are the effectors involved in the short-term regulation of blood pressure

A

The heart and blood vessels

101
Q

Tiny air sac in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the outside air and the blood

A

Alveoli

102
Q

Where are alveoli found

A

At the end of terminal bronchioles

103
Q

Molecule that combines with hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid, which separates into carbon dioxide and water; an important buffer in body fluids

A

Bicarbonate ion

104
Q

What percent of carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion

A

75%

105
Q

Smaller branches of bronchi

A

Bronchioles

106
Q

Smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tree

A

Terminal bronchioles

107
Q

Large air passage ways in the lungs

A

Bronchus

108
Q

Acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water; separates into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion

A

Carbonic acid

109
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxides with bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion

A

Carbonic anhydrase

110
Q

Receptor that responds to chemicals in body fluids

A

Chemoreceptor

111
Q

What chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata sense arterial blood gas levels

A

Central

112
Q

What chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta sense arterial blood gas levels

A

Peripheral

113
Q

Ease with which a hollow structure can be expanded under pressure

A

Compliance

114
Q

Dome shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inhalation; a separating membrane or structure

A

Diaphragm

115
Q

Leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

116
Q

Increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Hypercapnia

117
Q

Structure between the pharynx and trachea that contains the vocal cords; voice box

A

Larynx

118
Q

Organ or respiration

A

Lung

119
Q

Throat; passageway between the mouth and esophagus

A

Pharynx

120
Q

Nerve that activates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

121
Q

Serous membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs

A

Pleura

122
Q

Process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells as carbon dioxide is removed from the tissues and released to the environment

A

Respiration

123
Q

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

124
Q

Referring to a gland that releases some cellular material along with its secretions

A

Apocrine

125
Q

Muscle attached to a hair follicle that raises the hair

A

Arrector pili

126
Q

Earwax

A

Cerumen

127
Q

True skin; deeper part of the skin

A

Dermis

128
Q

Referring to sweat glands that regulate body temperature and vent sweat directly to the surface of the skin through a pore

A

Eccrine

129
Q

Outermost layer of the skin

A

Epidermis

130
Q

Sheath that encloses the hair

A

Hair follicle

131
Q

The skin and all its associated structures

A

Integumentary system

132
Q

Protein that thickens and protects the skin; makes up hair and nails

A

Keratin

133
Q

Dark pigment found in the skin, hair, parts of the eye, and certain parts of the brain

A

Melanin

134
Q

Cell that produces melanin

A

Melanocyte

135
Q

Gland that secretes sebum

A

Sebaceous gland

136
Q

Oily secretion that lubricates the skin

A

Sebum

137
Q

Deepest layer of the epidermis; layer that produces new epidermal cells

A

Stratum basale or stratum germinativum

138
Q

Under the skin

A

Subcutaneous

139
Q

Skin gland that produces perspiration; sudoriferous gland

A

Sweat gland

140
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

141
Q

a joint; an area of junction or union between two or more structures

A

Articulation

142
Q

Substance that fills the central cavity of a long bone and the spaces in spongy bone

A

Bone marrow

143
Q

Small, fluid filled sac found in an area subject to stress around bones and joints

A

Bursa

144
Q

Circular movement at a joint

A

Circumduction

145
Q

Shaft of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

146
Q

Freely moveable joint; synovial joint

A

Diarthrosis

147
Q

Thin membrane that lines a bone marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

148
Q

End of a long bone

A

Epiphysis

149
Q

Limb

A

Extremity

150
Q

Membranous area in the infant skull where bone has not yet formed; soft spot

A

Fontanel

151
Q

Area of junction between two or more bones; articulation

A

Joint

152
Q

Bone-forming cell

A

Osteoblast

153
Q

Cell that breaks down bone

A

Osteoclast

154
Q

Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue

A

Osteocyte

155
Q

Subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel

A

Osteon

156
Q

Connective tissue membrane covering a bone

A

Periosteum

157
Q

Loss of substance from a solid tissue and return of the components to the blood

A

Resorption

158
Q

Bony framework of the body

A

Skeleton

159
Q

Immovable joint

A

Synarthrosis

160
Q

Pertaining to a thick, lubricating fluid found in joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths; pertaining to a freely movable joint

A

Synovial

161
Q

Neurotransmitter; released at synapses within the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine ACh

162
Q

One of two contractile proteins in muscle cells

A

Actin

163
Q

Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse

A

Action potential

164
Q

Muscle that contracts to perform a given muscle

A

Agonist

165
Q

Muscle that has an action opposite that of a given movement or muscle; substance that opposes the action of another substance

A

Antagonist

166
Q

Capacity to undergo shortening, as in muscle tissue

A

Contractility

167
Q

The ability to transmit an electric current along the plasma membrane

A

Excitability

168
Q

Small bundle, as of muscle cells or nerve cell fibers

A

Fascicle

169
Q

Compound bult from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

170
Q

Muscle attachment connected to a movable part

A

Insertion

171
Q

Difference in electric charge on either side of a plasma membrane

A

Membrane potential

172
Q

Group consisting of a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor unit

173
Q

Compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells

A

Myoglobin

174
Q

One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells

A

Myosin

175
Q

Point at which a neurons axon contacts a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

176
Q

Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a chemical synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

177
Q

Source; beginning; muscle attachment connected to a nonmoving part

A

Origin

178
Q

The main muscle that produces a given movement

A

Prime mover

179
Q

Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus

A

Receptor

180
Q

Protein in the plasma membrane or other part of a cell that binds a chemical signal resulting in a change in cellular activity

A

Receptor

181
Q

Contracting subunit of a skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

182
Q

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector

A

Synapse

183
Q

Substance or structure that enhances the work of another

A

Synergist

184
Q

A muscle that works with a prime mover to produce a given movement

A

Synergist

185
Q

Cord of regular dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

A

Tendon

186
Q

Partially contracted state of muscle

A

Tonus

187
Q

Protein that works with troponin to regulate contraction in skeletal muscle

A

Tropomyosin

188
Q

Protein that works with tropomyosin to regulate contraction in skeletal muscle

A

Troponin

189
Q
A

NU-110 (4 decks)

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