Exam 2 Full Overview Flashcards
1
Q
Abnormal rhythm of the heart beat; dysrhythmia
A
Arrhythmia
2
Q
One of the hearts two upper chambers
A
Atrium
3
Q
Heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
A
Bradycardia
4
Q
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute; the product of stroke volume and heart rate
A
Cardiac output
5
Q
Referring to the heart or to the arteries supplying blood to the heart
A
Coronary
6
Q
Relaxation
A
Diastole
7
Q
Instrument to study the heart by means of ultrasound
A
Echocardiograph
8
Q
Instrument to study the hearts electric activity
A
Electrocardiograph (ECG, EKG)
9
Q
Membrane that forms the hearts walls outermost layer and is continuous with the lining of the fibrous pericardium
A
Epicardium; visceral pericardium
10
Q
Region between the lungs and the organs and vessels it contains
A
Mediastinum
11
Q
Abnormal heart sound
A
Murmur
12
Q
Middle layer of the heart wall; heart muscle
A
Myocardium
13
Q
Group of cells or artificial device that sets activity rate
A
Pacemaker
14
Q
The sinoatrial node that normally initiates contractions
A
Pacemaker
15
Q
Fibrous sac lined with serous membrane that encloses the heart
A
Pericardium
16
Q
Dividing wall
A
Septum
17
Q
Contraction
A
Systole
18
Q
Heart rate more than 100 beats per minute
A
Tachycardia
19
Q
Structure that prevents fluid from flowing backward, as in the heart, veins, and lymphatic vessels
A
Valve
20
Q
One of the hearts two lower chambers
A
Ventricles
21
Q
Part of the hearts conduction system located in the interatrial space at the bottom of the right atrium
A
Atrioventricular (AV) node
22
Q
system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that transports blood throughout the body
A
Cardiovascular system
23
Q
Valve between the hearts left atrium and left ventricle
A
Mitral or bicuspid valve
24
Q
Part of the hearts conduction system that branches through the ventricular walls
A
Perkinje fibers
25
Tissue in the right atriums upper wall that sets the rate of heart contractions; the hearts pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA) node
26
Amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each beat
Stroke volume
27
Valve between the hearts right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
28
The continuous one-way circuit of blood though the blood vessels
Circulation
29
Where is the heart located
Between the lungs and just superior to the diaphragm in the mediastinum
30
Pointed inferior region of the heart
Apex
31
Broad or flattened superior region of the heart
Base
32
Thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior
Endocardium
33
Brings blood from head, chest, and arms to the right atrium
Superior vena cava
34
Brings blood from the trunk and legs to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
35
Receives blood low in oxygen returning from the body tissues
Right Atrium
36
Sends blood low in oxygen to the lungs
Right ventricle
37
Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Left atrium
38
Sends highly oxygenated blood to the body
Left ventricle
39
The largest artery; carries blood out of the left ventricle
Aorta
40
Entrance valves, between the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
41
Exit valves
Semilunar valves
42
Semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs
Pulmonary valve
43
Semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic valve
44
Fibrous threads that stabilize the hearts AV valve flaps
Chordae Tendineae
45
Higher pressure in the pulmonary artery; closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to the ventricle
Back pressure
46
Supply blood to the heart muscle
Left and right coronary arteries
47
One complete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation
Cardiac cycle
48
Located at the top of the interventricular septum; bundle of His
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
49
A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node
Sinus rhythm
50
The number of times the heart beats per minute
Heart rate
51
Vessel between a small artery and a capillary
Arteriole
52
Carry blood away from the heart and toward the tissues
Artery
53
Receptor that responds to pressure; type of mechanoreceptor
Baroreceptor
54
Movement of water and dissolved substances through the gaps in the capillary wall down a pressure gradient rather than a concentration gradient
Bulk flow
55
Ease with which a hollow structure can be expanded under pressure
Compliance
56
Site of exchanges between blood and tissues
Capillary
57
Capacity of a structure to return to its original shape after being stretched
Elasticity
58
Wave of increased pressure in the vessels produced by heart contraction
Pulse
59
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Pulse pressure
60
Enlarged capillary that serves as a blood channel
Sinusoid
61
Device used to measure blood pressure; blood pressure cuff
Sphygmomanometer
62
Decrease in a blood vessels lumen diameter
Vasoconstriction
63
Increase in a blood vessels lumen diameter
Vasodilation
64
Pertaining to dilation or constriction of blood vessels
Vasomotor
65
Vessel that carries blood toward the heart
Vein
66
Large vein that carries blood in the hearts right atrium; superior and inferior portions
Vena cava
67
Large channel that drains blood low in oxygen
Venous sinus
68
Vessel between a capillary and a vein
Venule
69
Receptor that responds to chemicals in body fluids
Chemoreceptors
70
Lowest pressure measured in the arteries after relaxation of the heart contraction
Diastolic pressure
71
The maximum pressure that develops in the arteries after heart muscle contraction
Systolic pressure
72
The average pressure in the arteries
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
73
Stretch; the amount of volume being returned to the heart
Preload
74
Squeeze; the amount of resistance that the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood
Afterload
75
Circuit that delivers blood to the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
76
What arteries carry blood low in oxygen
Pulmonary arteries
77
What veins carry blood high in oxygen
Pulmonary veins
78
Circuit that supplies nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues and carries waste materials away from the tissues for disposal
Systemic circuit
79
What arteries carry blood high in oxygen
Systemic arteries
80
What veins carry blood low in oxygen
Systemic veins
81
Communication between two vessels
Anastomoses
82
What are the three branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery
83
What are the portions the aorta divides into
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta
84
What makes up the descending aorta
Thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta
85
What artery supplies the arm and head on the right side
Brachiocephalic artery
86
What are the spaces between the two layers of the dura mater
Cranial sinuses
87
Outermost layer of the meninges
Dura mater
88
What are veins near the surface
Superficial
89
What are veins that are closer to the interior and generally parallel to arteries
Deep
90
What drains the systemic circuit and empty into the right atrium
Superior and inferior vena cava
91
Between; pertaining to an organs spaces or structures between active tissues; fluid between cells
Interstitial fluid
92
Movement of solutes from a region where they are in higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration
Diffusion
93
Pushes fluid out of the capillary
Blood pressure
94
Pulls fluid back into the capillary
Osmotic pressure
95
Where are vasomotor activities regulated
The medulla of the brain stem
96
The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the vessels and is the force propelling blood to the tissues
Blood pressure
97
High blood pressure
Hypertension
98
Low blood pressure
Hypotension
99
What is the normal range for blood pressure
120/80
100
What are the effectors involved in the short-term regulation of blood pressure
The heart and blood vessels
101
Tiny air sac in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the outside air and the blood
Alveoli
102
Where are alveoli found
At the end of terminal bronchioles
103
Molecule that combines with hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid, which separates into carbon dioxide and water; an important buffer in body fluids
Bicarbonate ion
104
What percent of carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion
75%
105
Smaller branches of bronchi
Bronchioles
106
Smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tree
Terminal bronchioles
107
Large air passage ways in the lungs
Bronchus
108
Acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water; separates into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
Carbonic acid
109
Enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxides with bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion
Carbonic anhydrase
110
Receptor that responds to chemicals in body fluids
Chemoreceptor
111
What chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata sense arterial blood gas levels
Central
112
What chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta sense arterial blood gas levels
Peripheral
113
Ease with which a hollow structure can be expanded under pressure
Compliance
114
Dome shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inhalation; a separating membrane or structure
Diaphragm
115
Leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
116
Increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
117
Structure between the pharynx and trachea that contains the vocal cords; voice box
Larynx
118
Organ or respiration
Lung
119
Throat; passageway between the mouth and esophagus
Pharynx
120
Nerve that activates the diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
121
Serous membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs
Pleura
122
Process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells as carbon dioxide is removed from the tissues and released to the environment
Respiration
123
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
124
Referring to a gland that releases some cellular material along with its secretions
Apocrine
125
Muscle attached to a hair follicle that raises the hair
Arrector pili
126
Earwax
Cerumen
127
True skin; deeper part of the skin
Dermis
128
Referring to sweat glands that regulate body temperature and vent sweat directly to the surface of the skin through a pore
Eccrine
129
Outermost layer of the skin
Epidermis
130
Sheath that encloses the hair
Hair follicle
131
The skin and all its associated structures
Integumentary system
132
Protein that thickens and protects the skin; makes up hair and nails
Keratin
133
Dark pigment found in the skin, hair, parts of the eye, and certain parts of the brain
Melanin
134
Cell that produces melanin
Melanocyte
135
Gland that secretes sebum
Sebaceous gland
136
Oily secretion that lubricates the skin
Sebum
137
Deepest layer of the epidermis; layer that produces new epidermal cells
Stratum basale or stratum germinativum
138
Under the skin
Subcutaneous
139
Skin gland that produces perspiration; sudoriferous gland
Sweat gland
140
Slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis
141
a joint; an area of junction or union between two or more structures
Articulation
142
Substance that fills the central cavity of a long bone and the spaces in spongy bone
Bone marrow
143
Small, fluid filled sac found in an area subject to stress around bones and joints
Bursa
144
Circular movement at a joint
Circumduction
145
Shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
146
Freely moveable joint; synovial joint
Diarthrosis
147
Thin membrane that lines a bone marrow cavity
Endosteum
148
End of a long bone
Epiphysis
149
Limb
Extremity
150
Membranous area in the infant skull where bone has not yet formed; soft spot
Fontanel
151
Area of junction between two or more bones; articulation
Joint
152
Bone-forming cell
Osteoblast
153
Cell that breaks down bone
Osteoclast
154
Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue
Osteocyte
155
Subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel
Osteon
156
Connective tissue membrane covering a bone
Periosteum
157
Loss of substance from a solid tissue and return of the components to the blood
Resorption
158
Bony framework of the body
Skeleton
159
Immovable joint
Synarthrosis
160
Pertaining to a thick, lubricating fluid found in joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths; pertaining to a freely movable joint
Synovial
161
Neurotransmitter; released at synapses within the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine ACh
162
One of two contractile proteins in muscle cells
Actin
163
Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse
Action potential
164
Muscle that contracts to perform a given muscle
Agonist
165
Muscle that has an action opposite that of a given movement or muscle; substance that opposes the action of another substance
Antagonist
166
Capacity to undergo shortening, as in muscle tissue
Contractility
167
The ability to transmit an electric current along the plasma membrane
Excitability
168
Small bundle, as of muscle cells or nerve cell fibers
Fascicle
169
Compound bult from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
170
Muscle attachment connected to a movable part
Insertion
171
Difference in electric charge on either side of a plasma membrane
Membrane potential
172
Group consisting of a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor unit
173
Compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Myoglobin
174
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells
Myosin
175
Point at which a neurons axon contacts a muscle cell
Neuromuscular junction
176
Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a chemical synapse
Neurotransmitter
177
Source; beginning; muscle attachment connected to a nonmoving part
Origin
178
The main muscle that produces a given movement
Prime mover
179
Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus
Receptor
180
Protein in the plasma membrane or other part of a cell that binds a chemical signal resulting in a change in cellular activity
Receptor
181
Contracting subunit of a skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
182
Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector
Synapse
183
Substance or structure that enhances the work of another
Synergist
184
A muscle that works with a prime mover to produce a given movement
Synergist
185
Cord of regular dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
Tendon
186
Partially contracted state of muscle
Tonus
187
Protein that works with troponin to regulate contraction in skeletal muscle
Tropomyosin
188
Protein that works with tropomyosin to regulate contraction in skeletal muscle
Troponin
189
