Exam 2 Condensed Full Overview Flashcards by Maryjane Deweese

The outermost portion of the skin, which is subdivided into thin layers

Epidermis

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Deeper part of the skin

Dermis

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Layer under the skin

Subcutaneous layer

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Saclike structure and their oily secretion

Sebaceous glands

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Oily secretion that lubricates the skin and hair and prevents drying

Sebum

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Skin gland that produces perspiration; sudoriferous gland

Sweat gland

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Sweat gland that regulates body temperature and vent sweat directly to the surface of the skin through a pore

Eccrine

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Glands that become active during puberty and release their secretions through the hair follicles in response to emotional stress and sexual stimulation

Apocrine

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Dark pigment found in the skin

Melanin

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Yellowish skin pigment

Carotene

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End of a long bone

Proximal and distal epiphysis

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Shaft of a long bone

Diaphysis

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First seven vertebrae (C1-C7)

Cervical vertebrae

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Vertebrae 8-19 (T1-T12)

Thoracic vertebrae

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Vertebrae 13-24 (L1-L5)

Lumbar vertebrae

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Second to last vertebrae

Sacral vertebrae; sacrum

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Last vertebrae; tailbone

Coccygeal vertebrae; coccyx

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First seven pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum

True ribs

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The 8th, 9th, and 10th pair of ribs attached to the cartilage of the rib above

False ribs

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The last two pair of ribs with no anterior attachment

Floating ribs

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Breastbone

Sternum

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The inferior end of the sternum made of cartilage

Xiphoid process

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Immovable joint

Synarthrosis

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Slightly movable joint

Amphiarthrosis

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Freely movable joints

Diarthrosis

Bending motion that decreases the angle between bones away from the anatomic position

Flexion

Bends the foot upward at the ankle

Dorsiflexion

Bends the foot so that the toes point downward

Plantar flexion

Straightening motion that increases the angle between bones and returns the joint toward the anatomic position

Extension

Movement away from the midline of the body

Abduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Adduction

The act of turning the sole inward

Inversion

Turns the sole outward

Eversion

Combination of movements allowing to move a limb in a circular motion

Circumduction

Refers to twisting or turning of a bone on its own axis

Rotation

Turning the palm up or forward

Supination

Turning the palm down or backward

Pronation

Two relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other with little change in the joint angle

Gliding joint

A convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone

Hinge joint

A rounded or pointed portion of one bone fits into a ring in another one

Pivot joint

An oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into an oval-shaped depression of another bone

Condyloid joint

Similar to the condyloid joint, but deeper and allowing greater range of motion

Saddle joint

A ball-like surface of one bone fits into a deep cuplike depression in another bone

Ball-and-socket joint

Difference in electric charge on either side of a plasma membrane

Membrane potential

In cells, the ability to transmit an electric current along the plasma membrane

Excitability

Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse

Action potential

Neurotransmitter; released at synapses within the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The main muscle that performs a given movement

Prime mover

Muscle that performs a given action

Agonist

Muscle that produces an opposite action

Antagonist

Helping muscle; work with the prime mover to accomplish a movement

Synergist

Main muscle of respiration

Diaphragm

Thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior

Endocardium

The heart muscle, is the thickest layers and pumps blood through the vessels

Myocardium

A serous membrane that forms the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall

Epicardium

The sac that encloses the heart

Pericardium

What are the main arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

Right and left coronary arteries

The active phase

Systole

The resting phase

Diastole

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Cardiac output

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat

Stroke volume

What is the first sound of the heart created by the closure of the AV valves

"Lub" (S1)

What is the second sound of the heart created by the closure of semilunar valves

"Dup" (S2)

Carry blood away from the heart and toward the tissues

Arteries

Small subdivisions of the arteries

Arterioles

Tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow for exchanges between systems

Capillaries

Small vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and begin its transport back toward the heart

Venules

Vessels formed by the merger of venules; continue bloods transport until it is returned to the heart

Veins

What mechanisms promote bloods return to the heart

Contraction of muscles, valves in the veins, and breathing

Maximum pressure that develops in the arteries after heart muscle contraction

Systolic pressure

Lowest pressure measured in the arteries after relaxation of the heart muscle

Diastolic pressure

The average pressure in the arteries

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressures

Pulse pressure

What is the order of the hearts conduction system

SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, and Purkinje fibers

The process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells; carbon dioxide is transported to the outside in a reverse pathway

Respiration

Where does gas exchange take place

Alveoli

How may lobes is the right lung subdivided into

3 (Superior, Middle, Inferior)

How many lobes is the left lung subdivided into

2 (Superior, Inferior)

If a piece of food was to go down the airway which lung would it most likely go into and why

The right because the branches go down at an angle where the left branches go more up at an angle

The movement of air into and out of the lungs, normally accomplished by breathing

Ventilation

What element is important in regulating the bloods pH

Carbon dioxide

Where is the respiratory control center located

Medulla oblongata and pons

The rate and depth of breathing increase above optimal levels

Hyperventilation

An amount of air insufficient to meet the bodys metabolic needs

Hypoventilation