Exam 4: endocrine and diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
define a primary endocrine disorder and define how it differs from a secondary endocrine disorder. what are examples of each?
A primary endocrine disorder is one that the dysfunction originates in the gland responsible for producing the hormone. may be congenital or acquired.
ex: thyroidectomy & deficiency of thyroid hormone.
secondary-target gland producing the hormone is normal. but function is changed b/c of increase or decrease in stimulating hormones.
ex: pituitary gland removal and lack of ACTH, TSH, and other pituitary hormones.
what affects on metabolism does DM have?
effects carb, fat, and protein metabolism
what does insulin do? what does it inhibit?
insulin only hormone known to lower blood glucose; promotes uptake of glucose. inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat
What is DKA?
A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids.When your cells don’t get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic. diabetic ketoacidosis. results: glucose level>300 mg/dL
pH
Define macrovascular vs. microvascular complications of DM
Macrovascular: coronary artery, cerebral vascular, and peripheral vascular disease
Microvascular: neuropathies, nephropathies,and retinopathies
Which of the following hormones can elevate glucose levels in the blood? Select all that apply.
\_\_\_\_\_ Insulin \_\_\_\_\_ Glucagon \_\_\_\_\_ Growth Hormone \_\_\_\_\_ Aldosterone \_\_\_\_\_ Cortisol \_\_\_\_\_ ADH
B,C,E
Which of the following is a major factor leading to the development of essential hypertension?
a. Renal disease b. Diabetes c. Pregnancy d. Idiopathic
B
Which of the following is a contributing cause of ulcers in the foot of the diabetic patient?
a. Arterial insufficiency
b. Venous insufficiency
c. Gout
d. Smoking
A
Why is ketoacidosis uncommon in Type 2 diabetes? Because . . .
a. Dehydration is less severe
b. Endogenous insulin prevents lipolysis and production of ketone bodies
c. Metabolic acidosis does not occur
d. Liver breakdown of stored glycogen does not produce fatty acids
B
If a dysfunction originates in the gland responsible for producing the hormone, then this is classified as which of the following endocrine disorders?
a. Primary disorder
b. Secondary disorder
c. Tertiary disorder
d. Quintiary disorder
A
Which of the following is an example of a secondary endocrine disorder?
a. Thyroidectomy and decreased thyroid hormone
b. Decreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus
c. Pituitary tumor and a hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
d. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency due to posterior pituitary dysfunction
C
Which cells of the pancreas release glucagon?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Omega cells
A
Which of the following are signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia? Select all that may apply.
a. _____ Sweet, fruity breath
b. _____ Dry, flushed skin
c. _____ Headache
d. _____ Shaking, anxiety
e. _____ Cool, clammy skin
f. _____ Kussmaul breathing
g. _____ Seizures
h. _____ Sudden onset, possible unconsciousness
c,d,e,g,h
Which one of the following differentiates diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
a. Hyperglycemia b. Diuresis and dehydration c. Acidosis and hyperkalemia d. Impossible to tell without lab values
C
A client is a type I diabetic. During his clinic visit he reports that he has had excellent glycemic control over the past three months since his last visit. Which of the following lab values could be monitored to confirm the patient’s statement?
a. Random blood sugar of 120 mg/dl
b. Two hour blood sugar of 175 mg/dl
c. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 5
d. Hemoglobin of 25
C
