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Pharmacology > Exam 4: Drugs 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Drugs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Heparin (Unfractionated)

A

Indirect thrombin inhibitor; interacts with BOTH antithrombin and Xa
Produces more antithrombin = blocking thrombin from being produced

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2
Q

Reversal for heparin

A

Protamine sulfate

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3
Q

3 Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors

A
  1. Heparin
  2. LMW Heparin
  3. Fondapurinux
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4
Q

LMW Heparin

A

More purified; more specific for Xa
-parin drugs
Protamine sulfate = less effective

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5
Q

Fondapurinux

A

Pentasaccharide (same found in heparin)
Only activates antithrombin
No effect from protamine sulfate

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6
Q

2 Direct thrombin inhibitors

A
  1. Lepirudin (Hirudin)
  2. Argatroban (Pradaxa)
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7
Q

Indirect thrombin inhibitors MOA

A

Work on proteins that activate thrombin; usually Xa and antithrombin

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8
Q

Direct Thrombin inhibitors MOA

A

Bind to active sites on thrombin itself to prevent fibrin clot from forming

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9
Q

Lepirudin (Hirudin)

A

Produced from leeches and recombinant; prevents compartment syndrome

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10
Q

Argatroban/Dabigatran (Pradaxa)

A

produced from biological sources

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11
Q

3 Coumarin anticoagulants

A
  1. Warfarin (Coumadin)
  2. Ribaroxaban (Xarelto)
  3. Apixaban (Eliquis)
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12
Q

Warfarin

A

Oral anticoag; blocks vitamin K reductase = preventing gamma carboxylation of glutamate residues

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13
Q

Which clotting factors does warfarin block?

A

2, 7, 9, 10

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14
Q

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (eliquis)

A

Block vitamin K reductase; specific for Xa; less problems w/ bleeding out
No reversal

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15
Q

3 fibrinolytics

A
  1. tPA
  2. Streptokinase
  3. Urokinase
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16
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activators; produced in spot of damage

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17
Q

Streptokinase

A

synthesized by streptococci

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18
Q

Urokinase

A

synthesized by kidney

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19
Q

Fibrinolytics

A

Encourage plasmin formation from plasminogen = lyses thrombi

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20
Q

3 antiplatelets

A
  1. ASA
  2. Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  3. Abciximab
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21
Q

Aspirin

A

COX 1 selective; prevents activation of arachidonic acid cascade = less TXA2 produced

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22
Q

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

A

irreversibly inhibits ADP receptor on plts; reduces plt aggregation
used w/ angioplasty/stent placements

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23
Q

Abciximab

A

target IIb/IIIa glycoproteins that cause plt aggregation; blocks receptors and block aggregation

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24
Q

3 drugs used in bleeding disorders

A
  1. Vitamin K
  2. FFP
  3. Desmopressin
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25
Q

2 fibrinolytic inhibitors

A
  1. Aminocaproic acid
  2. Tranexamic acid (TXA2)
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26
Q

4 types of insulin

A
  1. Rapid-acting
  2. Short-acting (regular)
  3. Intermediate-acting
  4. Long acting
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27
Q

3 rapid-acting insulin drugs

A
  1. Lispro
  2. Aspart.
  3. Glulisine
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28
Q

2 short-acting insulin drugs

A
  1. Novolin
  2. Humulin
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29
Q

1 intermediate acting insulin drug

A
  1. Neutral protamine hagedorn
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30
Q

2 long-acting insulin drugs

A
  1. Glargine
  2. Detemir
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31
Q

Biguanides (1 drug)

A

2 guanines joined end to end
Metformin

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32
Q

Metformin

A

First line therapy for non-insulin dependent DM

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33
Q

2 insulin secretagogues

A
  1. Sulfonylurea (1st and 2nd generation)2.
  2. Thiazolidinediones
34
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

bind to potassium channels and release more insulin via calcium coming into the cell and binding to cells containing insulin and releasing more insulin

35
Q

Thazolidinediones

A

Inc. insulin resistance; inc. insulin signal transduction via PPAR pathway
Bind to receptors and inc. likelihood that cells respond better to insulin

36
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (1)

A
  1. Acarbose
37
Q

Bile acid binding resin (BABR) (work in 2 different disease pathways)

A

Diabetes & dyslipidemia
Large resin gloop that prevents glucose from being reabsorbed by blocking it;

38
Q

Amylin analog

A

amylin is released by beta cells and suppresses glucagon release (decreases circulating glucose); taken w/ insulin usually

39
Q

Incretin-based therapies (3)

A
  1. Semaglutide
  2. Sitagliptin
  3. Gliflozin
40
Q

Semaglutide

A

Inc. GLP-1; stimulates insulin release & inhibits glucagon release

41
Q

Sitagliptin

A

Blocks DDP-4 (which breaks down GLP-1); stimulates more insulin release

42
Q

Gliflozin

A

SGLT-2 inhibitors
-flozin drugs
prevent glucose uptake in PCT

43
Q

Dyslipidemia drugs (2 major ones)

A
  1. Statins
  2. Niacin
44
Q

Fibrates (1)

A
  1. Gemfibrozil
45
Q

Inhibitors of intestinal Sterol absorption

A
  1. Ezetimibe
46
Q

PCSK9 Inhibitors

A

Evolocumab

47
Q

MAIN NSAID

A

Aspirin

48
Q

COX 2 selective inhibitors (2)

A
  1. Celecoxib
  2. Meloxicam
49
Q

Non-selective COX inhibitors (6)

A
  1. Diclofenac
  2. Ibuprofen
  3. Indomethacin
  4. Ketorolac
  5. Acetaminophen
  6. Glucocorticoids
50
Q

DMARDS (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) (3)

A
  1. Abatacept
  2. Rituximab
  3. Adalimumab
51
Q

Abatacept

A

blocks t cell activation

52
Q

Rituximab

A

depletes b-lymphocytes

53
Q

Adalimumab

A

anti-TNF alpha

54
Q

Phenanthrenes (opioids) (5/6)

A
  1. Morphine
  2. Dilaudid
  3. Codeine
  4. Oxycodone
  5. Percadan/Percocet
55
Q

Phenylheptylamines (1)

A

Methadone

56
Q

Phenylpiperidines (3)

A
  1. Fentanyl
  2. Meperidine (demerol)
  3. Tramadol
57
Q

Buprenorphine

A

opioid abuse; partial opioid agonist

58
Q

Butorphanol

A

post-op shivering; partial opioid agonist

59
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

antitussive; weak opioid agonist

60
Q

Derivatives of morphine (3)

A
  1. Naloxone
  2. Naltrexone
  3. Naloxegol
61
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (6)

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Ampicillin
  3. Amoxicillin
  4. Cephalosporin
  5. Carbepenem
  6. Vanco
62
Q

Disruption of cell membrane (2)

A
  1. Polymyxin
  2. Daptomycin
63
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis (2 groups)

A

Tetracyclines and Macrolides

64
Q

Macrolides (3)

A
  1. Erythromycin
  2. Azithromycin
  3. Neomycin
65
Q

Erythromycin

A

prototype drug

66
Q

azithromycin

A

semi-synthetic derivatable

67
Q

neomycin

A

triple antibiotic; topical

68
Q

inhibition of nuclein acid synthesis (2)

A
  1. Rifamycin
  2. Ciprofloxacin (cipro)
69
Q

Inhibition of folic acid synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

70
Q

Ketoconazole

A

antifungal; cream for cell membrane

71
Q

Lamisil

A

topical dermatophytes

72
Q

Antiprotazoan agents (2)

A
  1. Hydroxychloroquine
  2. Metronidazole
73
Q

Hydoxychloroquine

A

malaria

74
Q

Metronidazole

A

giardia, trichomonas

75
Q

Parasidic worms (3)

A
  1. niclosamide
  2. Ivermectin
  3. Permethrin
76
Q

Nicolsamide

A

tapeworms

77
Q

Ivermectin

A

river blindness roundworm; vet care
COVID drug?

78
Q

permethrin

A

lice

79
Q

Antivirals (5)

A
  1. Acyclovir
  2. Azidothymidine (AZT)
  3. Lamivudine
  4. Cabotegrovir
  5. Interferon
80
Q

Flu drugs (3)

A
  1. Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)
  2. Zanamivir (Relenza)
  3. Baloxivir marboxil (Xofluza)
81
Q

COVID drugs (4)

A
  1. Paxlovid
  2. Remdesivir
  3. COVID Mabs
  4. Dexamethasone

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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