Exam 1: History/Definitions Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
Study of chemical interactions within living systems
Define exogenous
Outside of the body
Ex: Chemicals and drugs
Define endogenous
Inside of the body
Ex: Natural ligands (Epi)
What is toxicology?
The study of undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems; usually looks at poisons and toxins
What is a poison?
Non-biological substances
What is a toxin?
Biological substance
Ex: Mushrooms or puffer fish
Who is the ancient egyptian known as the first recorded phsycian?
Imhotep (3000 BCE)
Who is the ancient greek that was named the “father of western medicine”?
Hippocrates
Name 5 examples of early medicine?
- Prehistoric (shamanism, animism, spiritualism, divination
- Ancient Egypt
- Ayurvedic (indian subcontinent)
- Ancient Greek
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
How did the caduceus become the “logo” associated with medicine?
Ancient Greek god (Asclepius) who was associated with medicine and healing was created by or associated with the rod of Asclepius (single snake w/ rod). The Asclepius is confused with the caduceus (double snack w/ rod) which was used for commerce/trade. In the 1900s the US military confused the two and now you might see both symbols associated with medicine.
What is the materia medica?
The first medical textbook, from Europe, dealing with pharmacology in the western world
Who wrote the materia medica?
Dioscorides (c40 BCE)
What did the materia medica contain?
Knowledge on botany and medicinal substances; also discussed the preparation & use of these substances
Who is Paracelsus?
Father of toxicology
What term/concept did Paracelsus coin?
“All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; only the dose permits something not to be poisonous”.
“The dose makes the poison”
Understanding that if you give a drug it will have side effects and if the quantity is larger, it can be toxic
What are the two levels of anesthetic pharmacology?
- Scientific basis of drug action (how drugs work/bind to receptors)
- Practical knowledge (administering drugs)
What are the 4 branches of pharmacology?
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacogenomics
- Toxicology
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of what a drug does to the body
What is pharmacokinetics?
The study of what the body does to the drug
Ex: Half-life, what determines half-life, if drug can cross BBB
What is pharmacogenomics?
Study of genetic profile to see how someone will react to a drug
Ex: Breast cancer drugs
What is an agonist?
A drug that binds to a receptor and elicits a response
What is an antagonist?
Something that binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the agonist from binding
Ex: Something blocking the endogenous ligand from binding to the receptor (A beta blocker blocking the effects of Epi by binding to the receptor first)
What comprises organic compounds?
Mostly carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds don’t have carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen
What are examples of organic compounds?
Carbs, lipids, proteins
What are examples of inorganic compounds?
Lithium, iron, etc.
HELLOOOOOO :)