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PSYC 207 > Exam 4 - Chapter 13 (Problems in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood) > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 13 (Problems in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood) Flashcards

1
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

interactions between biological (genes, puberty, hormones, brain), psychological (identity, personality traits, decision-making, and self-control), and social factors (family context, peers, schools, SES, poverty, neighborhoods, etc.) create problems for adolescents

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2
Q

Developmental Psychopathology Approach

A

looks at trajectories; early life experiences, risk factors, outcomes, and how they translate into issues over time; relies on longitudinal data and tracks problems as they unfold

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3
Q

Two categories of problems according to the developmental psychopathology approach

A

internalizing and externalizing

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4
Q

developmental cascades

A

connections across domains that impact developmental pathways and outcomes; wide range of biological, cognitive, and social processes, including many social contexts

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5
Q

Characteristics of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Problems

A

lower SES are more likely to have problems, most problems are under-controlled, externalizing behaviors, which are most typical in boys (over-controlled, internalizing behaviors are more common for mid-SES and girls); mental health treatment for kids whose happiness or academic performance changes

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6
Q

Kids from lower SES also feel

A

like they’re not as good as others at things, which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

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7
Q

Assets of youth

A

internal (academic engagement, positive identity, positive values, and social competencies) and external (support, mattering and belonging, boundaries, extracurriculars)

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8
Q

stress

A

the response to stressors (threaten/tax coping abilities); often overdramatized, but it can impact development; acute or chronic

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9
Q

acute stress

A

sudden events or stimuli

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10
Q

chronic stress

A

long-lasting stressors; can cause physical, emotional, or psychosocial problems

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11
Q

From 12-19, perception of stress ______. Coping abilities ______.

A

decreases; increased

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12
Q

disasters

A

acute stressors that don’t impact everyone in the same way; ex, COVID-19

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13
Q

If you have multiple stressors, then it can lead to

A

compounded effects; 2 chronic stressors = 4x more likely to need psychological services

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14
Q

Shelley Taylor discovered that fight-or-flight is less common among

A

females

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15
Q

There are no gender differences in stressors related to

A

school, parents, self-related problems, leisure, and their future

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16
Q

More stress is linked to peer relations among girls, who are more likely to use

A

active coping strategies

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17
Q

acculturative stress

A

stress linked to balancing two distinct cultures

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18
Q

coping

A

managing taxing situations by using effort to solve problems and trying to overcome or reduce stress; linked to personal control, positive emotions, and personal resources; depends on strategies and context and improves as you get older

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19
Q

problem-focused coping

A

applying a strategy to solving a problem; works best with something that can be resolved

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20
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

emotional response to stress (defense mechanisms) that can be maladaptive; avoidant coping; this sometimes leads to anxiety and disordered eating and depression

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21
Q

avoidant coping

A

ignoring a problem and hoping it will go away

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22
Q

Thinking positively and avoiding negative thoughts are effective across the board

A

positive mood improves information processing

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23
Q

Lazarus’ two types of coping strategies

A

problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

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24
Q

resilience

A

ability to overcome challenges; can develop in emerging adulthood, when they are more motivated, better at planning, or have new relationships

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25
Q

individual resilience characteristics

A

intelligent, sociable, high self-esteem, talented, faith

26
Q

family resilience characteristics

A

close relationship to parents, authoritative parenting, socioeconomic advantages

27
Q

major problems in adolescence and emerging adulthood

A

drug use, juvenile delinquency, depression and suicide, eating disorders

28
Q

Illegal drug use in secondary school has ________ , and levelled off, overall. (Similar trend for binge drinking)

A

decreased; but the rates in the US are among the highest for industrialized countries

29
Q

Binge drinking is more common in _______. Among 12th graders, binge drinking is linked to

A

males; DUI, riding with an impaired driver, blackouts, and riskier driving up to 4 years later; mixing alcohol with energy drinks and driving is also a growing problem

30
Q

College and alcohol

A

binge drinking is common, extreme binge drinking = 10+ drinks, pregaming, drinking games are problematic

31
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system; caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

32
Q

In the US, there has been a decrease in ______, but an increase in _______.

A

smoking; vaping (gateway drug to cigarettes and marijuana); more likely when peers do it

33
Q

Effects of smoking

A

permanent genetic changes in the lungs, lifelong increases in the risk of lung cancer

34
Q

inhalants

A

ordinary household products that are inhaled or sniffed to get high; short-term = intoxicating, long-term = heart-failure/death; decreased in US adolescents, but it’s more common in young adolescents than older

35
Q

Factors in adolescent drug use

A

most adolescents use them at some point, particular concern for early starters

36
Q

risk factors for drug use in 12 years

A

high-risk family, harsh parenting, conduct problems, peer rejection, increased conflict

37
Q

juvenile delinquency

A

broad range of behaviors; socially unacceptable, status offenses, criminal acts

38
Q

legal distinction between index and status offenses

A

index - criminal acts (robbery, aggravated assault, rape, and homicide); status - juvenile (less serious), running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, and uncontrollability

39
Q

conduct disorder

A

psychiatric diagnostic category; multiple behaviors over 6-months; truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting; about 25% diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder

40
Q

What is true about developmental cascades?

A

they involve connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways; links between domains that produce outcomes may occur during emerging adulthood; they can involve biological, cognitive, and social processes

41
Q

Predictors of problems are called

A

risk factors

42
Q

Kate is struggling in class. She goes to her professor and studies with peers. She is using what Lazarus would call

A

problem-focused coping

43
Q

Researcher Ann Masten has found that all of these factors are linked to resilience

A

family, individual, and extrafamilial.

44
Q

Jake, age 14, has a long history of setting small fires, torturing kittens, and fighting. Jake meets the criteria for

A

conduct disorder

45
Q

The most successful prevention programs for adolescent delinquency

A

focus on improving family interactions

46
Q

Which adolescent is most at risk for depression?

A

Alexis, whose boyfriend just ended their two-year relationship and who has few female friends for support

47
Q

Suicide is the _____ leading cause of death in 10-19 year-olds in the US today

A

third

48
Q

The highest stressor for suicide in adolescents is

A

peer conflict

49
Q

Which approach emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop?

A

the biopsychosocial approach

50
Q

Risks for juvenile delinquency from family

A

Parents are less skilled at preventing antisocial behaviors or modeling good behavior

51
Q

Risks for juvenile delinquency - cognitive

A

Low self-control, poor decision making, ineffective social information processing, lack of sustained attention

52
Q

To stop delinquent behavior

A

Prevention - stop it before it starts, help family interaction skills (punishment and fear are least effective)

53
Q

Major depression disorder

A

Major depressive episode plus depressed characteristics for 2 or more weeks; impaired daily function; twice as likely in girls

54
Q

Why are women more likely to be depressed?

A

Females are more likely to ruminate, more negative self images, more discrimination, earlier onset of puberty

55
Q

Treating depression

A

Cognitive and family therapy, etc ***

56
Q

Depression is linked to suicide, the ____ highest cause of death at nearly five thousand per year.

A

3rd; females more likely to attempt, males more likely to succeed

57
Q

Risks for suicide

A

Family history of conflict, lack of emotional support, proximal stressors

58
Q

Most significant risk factors for suicide

A

Bullying, being a boy, known attempts from others, low parental monitoring, etc

59
Q

Four biggest problems for adolescents

A

Drug abuse, adolescent delinquency, *****

60
Q

What are the most successful methods for preventing and intervening for children who are at risk for the four major problems for adolescents, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related problems?

A

intensive, individualized attention, community-wide programs, early identification

61
Q

High Scope (preschool program), Fast Track

A

a prevention program for delinquency, pregnancy, substance abuse, and dropout

PSYC 207 (7 decks)

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