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PSYC 207 > Exam 3 - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

A

Analyzes social contexts of development in terms of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

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2
Q

Microsystem

A

Setting in which the individual lives; family, peers, schools, work, etc.

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3
Q

Mesosystem

A

Consists of links between microsystems, like connection between family processes and peer relations

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4
Q

Exosystem

A

Consists of influences from another setting that aren’t experienced directly; parents’ work

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5
Q

Macrosystem

A

Culture

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6
Q

Chronosystem

A

Sociohistorical circumstances

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7
Q

Reciprocal socialization

A

The process by which children socialize parents, as parents socialize them

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8
Q

Epigenetic view

A

Emphasizes that development is the result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment; harsh parenting = defiant children = harsh parenting

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9
Q

The family as a social system

A

A constellation of subsystems defined by generation, gender, and role; when the behavior of one family member changes it affects the behavior of the others

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10
Q

What is the most consistent finding regarding the link between marital relationships and parenting?

A

happily married parents are more sensitive, responsive, warm, and affectionate toward their children and adolescents; more affectionate marriages result in more affection toward children

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11
Q

A positive family climate based on interaction between spouses is linked to what?

A

the degree of positive engagement toward the adolescent’s later spouse

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12
Q

What changes in adolescents can influence their relationship with their parents?

A

puberty, more logical reasoning, idealistic thinking, violated expectations, big changes, and independence (kids start questioning discipline - seen as less compliant)

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13
Q

When is conflict between parents and adolescents (especially mothers and sons) most stressful?

A

during the apex of pubertal growth; early-maturing kids have more conflicts (better cognitive skills means they want more explanation for discipline)

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14
Q

How does idealistic thinking influence parent/adolescent conflict?

A

comparing parents to an ideal of what parents should be like

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15
Q

In most societies, what are new definitions of socially appropriate behavior associated with?

A

changes in school environment (middle to Jr. High - new buildings, teachers, etc.), peer relations, and push for autonomy

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16
Q

Parental changes that affect parent-adolescent relationships involve ____.

A

marital satisfaction, economic burdens, career reevaluation and time constraints, and health and body concerns

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17
Q

Marital satisfaction _______ for most when kids move out.

A

increases

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18
Q

multiple developmental trajectories

A

a concept where adults follow one trajectory (marriage, cohabitation, parenthood) while children and adolescents follow a different one (timing of child care/ entry into middle school); how developmental trajectories mesh affects the timing of entry into various family tasks

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19
Q

How has timing of parenthood changed in the last two decades?

A

earlier for some (adolescent pregnancies) and later for others (thirties and forties)

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20
Q

What is true of couples who have children in their thirties vs their twenties?

A

they have more egalitarian relationships, with men participating more in childcare and household tasks; older fathers are warmer and better at communicating, but are less likely to play physically

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21
Q

What effects did the Great Depression have on families?

A

economic deprivation, adult discontent, dissatisfaction with living conditions; increased marital conflict, inconsistent child rearing, and unhealthy lifestyles - heavy drinking, demoralized attitudes, and health problems (especially in fathers)

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22
Q

What has been a major change in families in the last several decades?

A

increase in immigration of Latinx and Asian families into the US; language barriers, dislocations from support networks, struggle to preserve identity, etc.

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23
Q

What are some sociocultural and historical influences of the family?

A

war, famine, mass immigration, subtle factors (in the US - increased immigration of Asian and Latinx populations, media and screentime)

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24
Q

How does screen time influence the family?

A

kids who watch TV, use computers, or phones find their parents are too busy working to share this experience with them; decreased social interaction

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25
Q

What is the result of family dissatisfaction and restlessness?

A

divorce and remarriage, hodgepodge of family structures

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26
Q

Parents who recognize that adolescents take a long time to “get it right” usually ____

A

deal more competently and calmly with adolescent behavior than parents who demand immediate conformity to parental standards. (Other parents are opposite and completely permissive)

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27
Q

Is all conflict with parents bad?

A

a moderate degree of conflict is inevitable and possibly beneficial to positive developmental function

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28
Q

How can parents manage adolescent opportunities?

A

find information, make contacts, help structure choices, and provide guidance; regulate contact with peers, friends, and adults (mothers are more likely); parent-teacher conferences, help with managing homework

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29
Q

Family-management practices are positively related to what? Negatively?

A

students’ grades and responsibility; school-related problems

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30
Q

What does parental monitoring include?

A

supervising an adolescent’s choice of social settings, activities, and friends; higher monitoring of spending habits, friends, whereabouts is linked to healthier weight, better diets, more exercise, and less screen time, higher grades, later and protected sex

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31
Q

Low parental monitoring is a key factor in predicting ______________.

A

a developmental trajectory of delinquency and substance use

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32
Q

High monitoring + high support of autonomy =

A

better adjustment than other combinations

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33
Q

low monitoring + high psychological control =

A

least effective parenting combination

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34
Q

three ways parents can monitor

A

solicitation (asking questions), control (disclosure rules), and snooping (which is relatively infrequent, but more indicative of family issues)

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35
Q

What is adolescents’ transparency about whereabouts, activities, and friends linked to? concealing?

A

positive adolescent adjustment, higher academic competence; antisocial behavior

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36
Q

What was Watson’s advice about affection toward children (Little Albert)?

A

urged parents not to be too affectionate (he scared babies for a living)

37
Q

What did early research on affection focus on?

A

physical/psychological discipline or controlling/permissive parenting

38
Q

Baumrind’s view of parenting (she developed the four types of parenting)

A

parents shouldn’t be punitive or aloof; develop rules and show affection

39
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

A

authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and indulgent

40
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

restrictive and controlling; culture key - some aspects of this are highly effective in some cultures

41
Q

authoritative parenting

A

encourages independence with limits and controls

42
Q

neglectful parenting

A

uninvolved (where’s my kid at 10:00)

43
Q

indulgent parenting

A

highly involved, few demands or controls

44
Q

What are some criticisms of the parenting styles model?

A

they don’t reflect reciprocal socialization (between parents and kids), parents use multiple styles, the categories are too broad (not enough research to grasp everything)

45
Q

Historically, which parent is more involved in parenting?

A

mother (cultural shift in recent decades); fathers spend more time parenting their sons; moms = discipline, dads = fun

46
Q

What is an important cultural difference in socializing daughters?

A

obedience and responsibility

47
Q

Research about non-Latinx, two-parent families reveals

A

kids spend more time with same-sex parent; self-worth and social skills improve with one-on-one time with father; (2 black parents - warmer mother relationships and both parents had warmer relationships with younger adolescents)

48
Q

What are some risks associated with coparenting?

A

lack of coordination, intentionally undermining other parent, talking bad about other parent, failure to cooperate, lack of warmth, one parent disconnects from other; impacts attachment to mother and sense of autonomy

49
Q

parent-adolescent conflict - generation gap

A

a largely false stereotype that there are major differences between parent and child; there are lots of similarities - work ethic, achievement, career goals, religion, and politics; this is strongest in early adolescence; conflict over everyday events; extreme for 20-25% - dropping out, etc.

50
Q

Evidence suggests that problem behaviors _____ adolescence in some cases.

A

predate

51
Q

Social worlds are coordinated and require ________ and ________.

A

autonomy and attachment; motivation for autonomy can puzzle parents and lead to conflict - slipping away; autonomy is varied and hard to define

52
Q

Adolescent autonomy

A

more independence, emotional autonomy, get along better with parents, ability to fight conformity with peers; favors males, non-Latinx whites, children of single parents; parents provide guidance, increased ability to act maturely

53
Q

Autonomy in decision-making is supported by ________.

A

attachment

54
Q

attachment

A

a positive and enduring emotional bond; a schema for how you end up interacting with other people in a relationship; anxiety is linked to insecure attachment; connected to exploration and growth

55
Q

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

A

secure/autonomous;
dismissing/avoidant;
preoccupied/ambivalent - clingy;
unresolved/disorganized wanting connection, but quickly pushing it away;
(source of emotional support changes - friends, partners, etc.)

56
Q

conclusions about attachment from older models vs new models

A

intense conflict, stressful, detach with maturity, separate and autonomous; parents are important attachment figures, resources/support for exploration, squabbles are needed for positive development

57
Q

romantic relationships

A

differ from parent-child relationship, but satisfy some of the same needs; secure attachments = secure relationships, etc.

58
Q

What type of attachment do most adolescents have? (60-80%)

A

secure; adult attachments are less flexible, but attachment thinking and behavior can change

58
Q

There is a moderate relationship between attachment insecurity and ___________.

A

relationship problems

58
Q

What is the end game for emerging adults and parent relationships?

A

separate from family and maintain healthy ties; relationship tends to improve with moving out; adult status can be challenging, so may stay home longer or move back

59
Q

What role do grandparents have?

A

support in death, illness, poverty, etc. visitation privileges are a big concern because of divorce rates

60
Q

What are some statistics about intergenerational relationships?

A

Adults with kids see their parents more; daughters are more likely to maintain close contact

61
Q

____% of adolescents have at least a sibling.

A

80; conflict, helping, sharing, teaching, fighting, playing, emotional support, rivalry, communication; emotional quality, familiarity/intimacy variation

62
Q

Siblings may be ____ influential in socializing than parents.

A

more, but contact decreases during emerging adulthood; optional contact after leaving home, conflicted relationships become less intense

63
Q

general assumptions about birth order

A

1- intelligent, achieving, conscientious; later-born - rebellious, liberal, agreeable; only - “spoiled brat” (not true); this predictability is limited

64
Q

By 18 years, about 1/4 of US kids are part of ______

A

a stepfamily; the US has one of the highest rates of single-parent families

65
Q

Today’s parent-adolescent relationships are viewed as

A

reciprocal

66
Q

What changes in adolescence affect the parent-adolescent relationship?

A

changes in schooling, violated expectations, and puberty

67
Q

Indulgent parenting has been associated with ____ in adolescents.

A

lack of self-control

68
Q

What is true about conflict between adolescents and parents?

A

conflict between parents and adolescents is the highest in early adolescence

69
Q

The majority of adults describe themselves as _____.

A

securely attached

70
Q

Greg, 23, moves back home with his parents in order to save money to buy a house. If Greg and his parents are like many families that experience this “boomerang” phenomenon, Greg will complain that his parents

A

restrict his independence

71
Q

In a recent study, helicopter parenting was related to ______ negative emotional functioning, ______competent decision-making, and ______ grades in college students.

A

more; less; lower

72
Q

What is true about birth order?

A

it shows a limited capacity to predict adolescent behavior

73
Q

Jeremy’s parents are divorced. If his situation is typical, he can expect that

A

his mother will have less money than when she was married

74
Q

Researchers have found _____ differences between children with homosexual parents and heterosexual parents.

A

few

75
Q

Students have more autonomy in college, but first year students have greater _______ on parents and lower __________.

A

dependence; adjustment; females are more psychologically dependent

76
Q

Becoming _______ hinges on parental response to efforts for control.

A

autonomous

77
Q

Longitudinal data has linked divorce to

A

emotional problems, insecure relationships, antisocial behavior

78
Q

Divorce and impact on SES

A

custodial moms = 25-50% decrease in income (bigger workloads, job instability, move downgrades); custodial dads = 10% decrease

79
Q

Children of stepfamilies tend to have more adjustment problems than nondivorced because of

A

boundary ambiguity: who is family and who is responsible for what? simple stepfamilies adjust better over time than conflicted nondivorced or complex stepfamilies

80
Q

When is the worst time for a child to experience a divorce?

A

early adolescence

81
Q

Adoptions are becoming more diverse as a consequence of ______. Most adoptive parents are

A

contraception and legalized abortion; non-Latinx middle or upper income, married, no disabilities

82
Q

Adoption carries higher risks of

A

externalizing, internalizing, and attention problems (but most adjust well)

83
Q

open adoption

A

identifying information and contact with biological parent (birth fathers less likely to engage); positive experience

84
Q

closed adoption

A

no contact or sharing identifying information

85
Q

How do you raise competent adolescents?

A

effectively manage family business and monitor adolescents; offer support, warmth, and respect, stay engaged and interested in their lives, adapt to changes, communicate expectations, model good behavior

86
Q

Are there social policies available for adolescents?

A

yes, but there are far more focused on children than adolescents and they tend to target getting parents involved

PSYC 207 (7 decks)

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