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PSYC 207 > Exam 4 - Chapter 10 (Schools) > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 10 (Schools) Flashcards

1
Q

approaches to educating students

A

controversial; questions of how to make sure schools and teachers are accountable for learning; it’s difficult to determine how to integrate technology effectively

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2
Q

contemporary approaches to education (effective teaching requires both)

A

constructivist (puts learner in drivers’ seat; teacher is a guide); direct instruction (structured, teacher-centered)

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3
Q

constructivist educational approach

A

learner-centered, teacher serves as a guide; exploration, discovery, reflection, critical thinking; emphasis on collaboration (very Piagetian)

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4
Q

direct instruction educational approach

A

structured, teacher-centered; teacher is focused on time-management and using class time most efficiently to maximize what students are exposed to; minimize negative affect (people getting nervous about being randomly called on, for example)

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5
Q

constructivist advocates believe

A

direct instruction creates passive learners and there is not enough challenge to get kids to think creatively and think critically

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6
Q

Direct instruction advocates believe

A

constructivist approach is too relative and vague and there is not enough focus on discipline contentment

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7
Q

Policies to help build school accountability

A

No Child Left Behind, Common Core State Standards Initiative, Every Student Succeeds Act, Standardized testing

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8
Q

No Child Left Behind (2002) controversy

A

advocates of accountability say there are lots of positive effects for student performance, but critics say the indication of progress is too narrow and it ignores social aspects (have to learn emotion regulation and collaboration), and state standards for passing/failing on NCLB tests differs

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9
Q

Common Core State Standards Initiative (2009); controversy

A

more rigor in state guidelines, knowledge and skills specific to grade level and content

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10
Q

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

A

legislated 12/15 (work in progress); states have more flexibility than with the NCLB; school success tracked with at least one non-academic factor

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11
Q

technology and education

A

major changes; specific standards for tech competence (International Society for Technology in Education; ISTE); helpful or distracting?

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12
Q

using the internet effectively

A

internet expands access to knowledge and people; can be used effectively in classroom; good for project-centered collaborative activities; allows networking

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13
Q

transition to middle or Junior High

A

lots of change; top-dog phenomenon; less stressful with positive relationships

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14
Q

top-dog phenomenon

A

transition from oldest, biggest, most powerful to youngest, smallest least powerful when entering JH and High school

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15
Q

efforts to improve middle schools

A

Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development - very negative evaluation of middle schools (too big for personal attention, low trust of adults, lack of health care access)

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16
Q

recommendations for improving middle schools

A

smaller communities and student-counselor ratios, parent involvement, structured curricula, integration, boost health and fitness

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17
Q

high school drop outs

A

big problem, but consistent decline; only 5.4% in 2017; linked to school-related problems, low SES, peer-group that includes dropouts

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18
Q

to reduce dropout rates

A

give academic help like reading intervention, tutoring, and counseling, and build relationships in the community

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19
Q

transition to college

A

like other school transitions - top dog phenomenon, more impersonal, more diversity, more focus on achievement (lots of potential for positive and negative outcomes)

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20
Q

compared to previous generations, incoming college kids today are

A

more stressed and depressed because of pressure to succeed, land a good job, and make lots of money

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21
Q

differences between very happy college kids and unhappy college kids

A

very happy students are highly social, more extroverted, and have stronger relationships

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22
Q

transition to work

A

often difficult; fluid and shifting job market, harder to get college training that’s updated to the workforce

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23
Q

the social contexts of schools

A

adolescents spend tons of time interacting with school teachers; it’s critical that parents are involved (talk to kids about what’s happening in school, know teachers, etc.)

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24
Q

changing social-developmental contexts (in school)

A

before middle school, a single classroom is the major context; after, scope and complexity increases and they start to conform and challenge social system

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25
Q

authoritative strategy to classroom management

A

independent thinking and doing + effective monitoring

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26
Q

authoritarian strategy of classroom management

A

restrictive and punitive, focus on order v instruction

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27
Q

permissive strategy of classroom management

A

lots of autonomy, little support for skill development, little behavior management

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28
Q

mismatching between personal needs and school opportunities might be causing psychological changes

A

self-evaluations and attitudes toward school are increasingly negative; fix this by focusing more on personal, less formal help during transition to HS or transition to middle school

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29
Q

effective teachers

A

enthusiasm, planning, poise, adaptability, warmth, flexibility, appreciation

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30
Q

good family management is linked to

A

less school problems and better grades and responsibility

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31
Q

family management

A

routines for homework, chores, bedtime, etc.; higher expectations; parental involvement is linked to better achievement

32
Q

parents and schools (recommendations)

A

ability isn’t fixed, be involved, be supportive of autonomy and initiative; be positive

33
Q

how is peer status linked to school success

A

popular/accepted = academic success; rejected = negative outcomes

34
Q

gender differences in bullying

A

boys bully more than girls, but the victims are both genders (usually boys of younger middle school who are anxious and socially withdrawn and/or aggressive) 70-80% of victims and bullies are in the same classroom

35
Q

Are bullies usually rejected by peers?

A

no

36
Q

victims of bullying suffer

A

depression, low self-esteem, and suicide ideation/attempts; cyberbullying has increased dramatically

37
Q

What are friends linked to secondary-school and college, especially when the kid is a good student?

A

better grades and test scores

38
Q

extracurricular activities are linked to

A

higher grades, more school engagement, less dropouts, more likely to go to college, higher self-esteem, lower mental issues, less screen time, more optimism and satisfaction

39
Q

As far as extracurricular activities go,

A

more variety is better than a single activity

40
Q

In some cultures, like Arab and India, parents restrict peer access

A

especially for girls, including sex ed for girls

41
Q

factors affecting peer access

A

culture, SES, ethnicity, and cross-cultural comparisons

42
Q

How do SES and ethnicity affect peers?

A

low-income youth have more difficulties in school and less knowledge on how to overcome barriers to achievement

43
Q

schools in low income areas

A

have lower achievement scores, graduation rates, college-bound students; less experienced teachers, more substitutes, encourage rote learning, fewer resources to help support ESL

44
Q

1/3 of black students and almost 1/3 of Latinx students are in the 47 largest city school districts

A

these are inner-city, underfunded, segregated, and insufficient schools

45
Q

multicultural education

A

values diversity-includes different cultural perspectives; empowers use of color, stems from Civil Rights Movement; moves toward including SES, gender, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and other differences

46
Q

vast differences between countries ability to give high-quality, universal education

A

similarities: school attendance is mandatory and age is regulated, secondary schools are usually in 2+ levels; differences: curriculum, sports aren’t as important as in US and Australia

47
Q

technology can work with students and teachers across the globe

A

video conferencing, social media, online collaborations; Telecommunication-based Global Student Laboratory Project

48
Q

Which countries have the highest percentage of adults who have a post-secondary degree?

A

Ireland and Lithuania lead the 30 countries for highest percentage (56) of post-secondary degrees among 25-34 yr. olds

49
Q

Public Law 94-142

A

the Education for All Handicapped Children Act

49
Q

The US is ranked first in

A

bachelors degrees in 1995, but big dip since because of costs or dropouts

50
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

A

all students have access to free and appropriate education

51
Q

growing numbers of exceptional (disabled) children

A

are typical in classrooms (14%) students with learning disabilities are the largest segment

52
Q

IDEA broad mandates for services include

A

evaluation and eligibility determination, individualized education plan (IEP), least restrictive environment (LRE) for learning; focus on inclusion

53
Q

learning disabilities (linked to understanding or using language)

A

listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling, math

54
Q

3x more boys are diagnosed with

A

learning disabilities (could be biological or referral bias)

55
Q

About 80% of diagnosed learning disabilities include

A

reading problems

56
Q

Three types of learning disabilities

A

dyslexia, dysgraphia (turning thoughts into written language), and dyscalculia (affects understanding of number-based information and math)

57
Q

ADHD

A

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity; growing number of people have this (could be greater awareness or misdiagnosis); 4-9x more in boys, 1/3 have symptoms that persist into adulthood

58
Q

possible causes of ADHD (no definitive cause)

A

genetic predisposition, pre/post natal brain damage from cigarette/alcohol/stress, LBW, or preterm birth

59
Q

students with ADHD are at higher risk for

A

dropping out, disordered eating, problem peer relations, adolescent pregnancy, substance use disorder, antisocial behavior

60
Q

treatments for ADHD

A

Ritalin or Adderall (stimulants) - improved attention; behavior management; mindfulness training

61
Q

ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

A

symptoms - brain dysfunction, problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, difficulty processing information, repetitive behaviors

62
Q

ASD causes

A

abnormalities in brain structures and neurotransmitters, genetic factors; growing number

63
Q

gifted adolescents

A

above average IQ (at least 130) and/or superior talent; most school systems select intellectual superiority and academic aptitude; no issues with adjustment - precocious, very individual, passion to master

64
Q

gifted adolescents usually have

A

strong family support and lots of training and practice; usually giftedness is specific to one domain, not many, and they have the motivation to perfect the talent they’re good at

65
Q

gifted programs need to adopt these things (they need to change)

A

more challenging tasks, less social isolation, and more diversity

66
Q

ASD Theory of Mind Issues

A

you don’t understand that other people have different experiences than your own, and that those experiences influence the way you think

67
Q

One of the criticisms of the direct instruction approach to learning is that it

A

turns children into passive learners

68
Q

Which topics do the No Child Left Behind legislation measure

A

flexible thinking, social skills, and creativity

69
Q

The top-dog phenomenon occurs when

A

students go from being the most powerful in a school to the least powerful in a new, higher-level school

70
Q

Ross’s parents have routines for meals, chores, recreation, homework, and bedtimes. So, Ross is likely to

A

have few school problems

71
Q

What is true about extracurricular activities?

A

adolescents who participate in extracurricular activities have lower levels of anxiety, increased likelihood to go to college, and higher grades

72
Q

What is true about bullying in the context of a peer group?

A

children who bully others often gain social status by bullying victims

73
Q

Maria, a Latinx student, works in cooperation with students from a variety of backgrounds who each contribute different parts to a classroom project so the group can reach a common goal. Maria is participating in a

A

jigsaw classroom

74
Q

How does online instruction, which became widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic, compare with in-person instruction?

A

online instruction is especially challenging for children who are younger or have behavioral needs

75
Q

Context for social and emotional development, access to mental health and social services, and affordable, healthy nutrition are all provided by

A

in-person schooling

76
Q

The current consensus is that autism spectrum disorders are caused by

A

abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter levels.

PSYC 207 (7 decks)

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