Exam 4: Ch's. 2&3 Flashcards
what is development
pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan, involving decay.
Biological process
produces changes in the child’s body and underlie the brain development, height and weight gains, motor skills, and puberty’s hormonal changes. (genetic inheritance plays a large part) (Physical)
Cognitive process
change in the child’s thinking, intelligence, and language. (Enables a child to memorize, problem solve, create) (Brain)
Socioemotional process
changes in the child’s relationships with other people,changes in emotion, and changes in personality. (nurturance towards a child, aggressive attack on a peer, a girls development of assertiveness, joy of getting good grades.(Relationships)
why is it important to study children’s development?
so we can understand at what level it is appropriate to teach them
Periods of Development:
Infancy early childhood middle & late childhood adolescence adult (including but not relevant to ch; early, middle, & late adulthood)
periods of development: age’s
- infancy
- early childhood
- middle and late childhood
- adolescence
Just FYI- prenatial period : conception-birth
- infancy : birth-18/24 months
- early childhood : 2-5 yrs
- middle and late childhood : 6-11 yrs
- adolescence : 10/12-18/21 yrs
Historical Developmental Theories: Middle Ages
-Original Sin View: Children were seen as little people.
Historical Developmental Theories: 17th Century
~John Locke: believed in “Tabula Rasa” (blank slate)
- thus emphasized the importance of “nurturing”
- believed importance of children experiences determining adulthood characteristics
Historical Developmental Theories: 18th Century
~Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Believed in “innate goodness view” (born inherently good and should grow w little guidance)
- Forerunner of “maturationist beliefs”
- used idea of stages of development
Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories: Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
- emphasizes how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
- thus, early experiences w parents are emphasized.
Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories: Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
- emphasized the successful negotiation of the psychological conflict at each 8 different stages “throughout lifespan”
- at each stage the child acquires attitudes and skills resulting from the successful negotiation of the psychological conflict
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development
- ) Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy- 1st yr.)
- ) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs.)
- ) Initiative vs. Guilt ( 3-5 yrs.)
- ) Industry vs. Inferiority (6 yrs. - puberty)
- ) Identity vs. Identity Confusion (10-20yrs.) Adolescence
- ) Intimacy vs. Isolation (20’s-30’s yrs.)
- ) Generativity vs. Stagnation (40’s-50’s yrs.)
- ) Integrity vs. Despair (60’s-onward yrs.)
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Trust vs. Mistrust
- warm nurturing caregiving/ treated negatively or ignored
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Independence fostered by support & engagement/ if restrained too much or punished too harshly, they develop a sense of shame & doubt.
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Initiative vs. Guilt
- developed by exploring and accepting challenges/ children develop guilt if they see themselves as irresponsible or made to feel too anxious
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Industry vs. Inferiority
-mastery comes from success and recognition/ unproductiveness and incompetence
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
-exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity/ if fail to do so they will remain to be confused about their identity
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Intimacy vs. Isolation
-form positive, close relationships w others/ one will fail an intimate relationship w partner or friend and become socially isolated
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Generativity vs. Stagnation
-transmitting something positive to the next generation/ feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation
Erick Erikson’s 8 stages of human development: Integrity vs. Despair
-life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past/ older adults become despairing if their backward glances are mainly negative
Cognitive Developmental Theories: Jean Piaget
- 18th century
- described children’s understanding as their “SCHEMES” and how they use “1.) Assimilation 2.) Accommodation”
- Children “CONSTRUCT” their understanding of the world throught their active involvement and interactions.
Cognitive Developmental Theories: Piaget’s Four Stages
- Children “CONSTRUCT” their understanding of the world throught their active involvement and interactions.
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2yrs.)
2. preoperational stage (2-7 yrs.)
3. concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)
4. formal operational stage (11yrs.-on)
Piaget’s Four Stages: Sensorimotor stage (birth-2yrs.)
- used “senses and motor skills”, items known by use; “object permanence”
- infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences w physical actions.
- Piaget divided the sensorimotor period into 6 substages
Piaget’s Four Stages: Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs.)
- “symbolic thinking”, language used; egocentrism, animism, imagination/ experience grow
- -2 substages;
- -Symbolic Function substage (2-4 yrs.)
- -Intuitive Thought Substage (4-7 yrs.)
Piaget’s Four Stages: Concrete Operational stage (7-11 yrs)
- “Logic applied”, reason logically about concrete events, can classify objects into diff. sets.
Piaget’s Four Stages: Formal Operational Stage (11yrs.-on)
- “Thinks abstractly”, hypothetical ideas, ethics, social/moral issues explored.
