Exam 1: Ch. 5 Flashcards
Culture
the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
Individualism
A set of values that give priority to personal rather than to group goals
-gives priority to personal goals
-values feeling good and personal distinction
-fosters independence
(western)
Collectivism
A set of values that support the group
-values group; personal goals are subordinated
-encourages interdependence of group members
-supports harmonious relationships
(western)
Socioeconomic Status
the grouping of people according to their economic, educational, and occupational characteristics
Educating students from Low-SES backgrounds
- schools that children from impoverished backgrounds attend often have fewer resources .
- lower achievement test scores
- lower graduation rates
- lower rates of college attendance
- school buildings are often old, poorly maintained
- likely to be staffed by younger teachers w less experience
Ethnicity
a shared pattern of characteristics such as cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
Ethnicity and schools
- 1/3 of african americans and latinos students attend schools in which 90% or more of the students are from minority groups, typically their own.
- 90% of teachers in America’s schools are non-Latino White, and the % of minority teachers is projected to be even lower in coming years.
- predominantly minority schools had less access to instructional resources including textbooks, supplies, computers…uncertified teachers
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Bias
- an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group.
- may be defined by ethnicity, sex, age, or virtually any other detectable difference
- ethnic groups of color
Diversity and Differences
- individuals who live in a particular ethnic or cultural group adapt to that culture’s values, attitudes, and stresses
- their behavior might be different from one’s own yet be functional for them
- recognizing and respecting these differences is an important aspect of getting along in a diverse, multicultural world
Learning as a Second Language
- bilingualism has a positive effect on children’s cognitive development
- children fluent in two languages perform better on tests of control of attention, concept formation, analytical reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive complexity
- more conscious of the structure of spoken and written language and noticing errors of grammar and meaning
- bilingual children have lower formal language proficiency
Bilingual Education
- English as a Second Language; has become widely used term for bilingual education programs and classes that teach English to students whose native language is not English.
- English Emmersion
- Traditional bilingual education
- two-way, or dual bilingual education
Bilingual Education: English Immersion
students are taught mainly in english
Bilingual Education: Traditional Bilingual Ed.
students are taught reading or other subjects in their native language for several years then moved in to English classes
Bilingual Education: Two-Way or Dual Bilingual Ed.
native English-speaking students and ELL students are integrated in a bilingual classroom.
Multicultural Education
education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis
Empowering Students…Empowerment
providing people w intellectual and coping skills to succeed and make this a more just world
- Curriculum should be anti-racist and anti-discriminatory
- multicultural education should be ubiquitous
- all students should be conscious
- opportunity to learn about experiences, struggles, and visoins of many different ethnic and cultural groups
- hopes to raise minority students’ self-esteem, reduce prejudice, and provide more equity in educational opportunities
Culturally Relevant Teaching
seeks to make connections w the learner’s cultural background
-“funds of knowledge approach”
Culturally Relevant Teaching: funds of knowledge approach
teachers visit student’s households to develop social relationships w their students’ family members to learn more about their cultural and ethnic background so that they can incorporate this knowledge into their teaching
- ex. guiding students to understand how their parents’ carpentry skills relate to geometry
Issues-Centered Ed.
- students are taught to systematically examine issues that involve equity and social justice
- they not only clarify their values but also examine alternatives and consequences if they take a particular stance on an issue.
Improving Relationships among children from different ethnic groups
number of strategies and programs are available to improve relationships among children from different ethnic groups.
-Jigsaw Classroom
-Positive personal contact w others from different cultural backgrounds
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Jigsaw Classroom
a classroom in which students from different cultural backgrounds cooperate by doing different parts of a project to reach a common goal
Positive personal contact w others from different cultural backgrounds
relations improve when students talk w each other about their personal worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, interests
- likely to be perceived as individuals rather than simply members of a group
- sharing produces conclusions that people from different backgrounds share many of the same hopes, worries, and feelings
Gender
characteristics of people as males and females
Gender Identity
the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 yrs. old
Gender Roles
a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel
Gender Typing
acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender stereotypes
broad categories that reflect impressions and beliefs about what behavior is appropriate for females and males
Gender-Role Classification: Androgyny
the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
Gender in Context
- Helping Behavior and Emotion;
- -stereotype that females are better than males at helping, but it depends on the situation
- -she is emotional he is not; depends on the particular emotion involved and the context
- culture;
- -the importance of considering gender in context is most apparent when examining what is culturally prescribed behavior for females and males in different countries around the world
Eliminating Gender Bias;Teacher-student interaction
teachers interact more w boys than w girls at all levels of schooling
Eliminating Gender Bias; Sexual Harassment
form of power and dominance of one person over another that can result in harmful consequences for the victim
Sexual Harassment; Quid pro Quo
occurs when a school employee threatens to base an educational decision (such as grade) on a student’s submission to unwelcome sexual conduct
Sexual Harassment; Hostile Envornment
occurs when students are subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits the students’ ability to benefit from their education
