Exam 4 Ch 14-18 Flashcards
What is a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.
Infectious Disease
What is Whooping Cough?
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a airborne bacterial infection that primarily affects children younger than 6 years.
Patient will be feverish and exhibit a “whoop” sound on inspiration after a coughing attack.
What is toxin induced hepatitis? Is it contagious?
Toxin induced hepatitis is the infection or inflammation of the liver. The severity of toxin induced hepatitis depends on the amount of agent absorbed and duration of exposure. Toxin induced hepatitis is not contagious. Examples of toxins are alcohol, drugs, supplements.
Define pleural effusion
A collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung
Define acute coronary syndrome
A group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemic;includes angina and myocardial infarction
What is a patients hypoxic drive?
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
Define end tidal carbon dioxide
The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath
What are ways respiratory diseases can be transmitted?
Respiratory diseases can be transmitted through bacteria in mucus and saliva
What is the difference between manual and auto blood pressure?
Manual blood pressure is a cuff with a squeezable balloon, Aneroid monitor and stethoscope. Automatic blood pressure is a cuff with stethoscope integrated in, and a digital monitor. Automatic blood pressure devices are often more accurate
What part of the brain controls basic body functions?
Brain stem
What is angina pectoris?
Transient(short lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina
Some patients take numerous medications. Why is that important to the emt?
The potential for inadvertent underdosing and overdosing And harmful drug interactions increases in patients who take multiple medications. The patient’s primary problem May be the result of one or more medications they are taking.
How should you treat a panic attack?
Instruct the patient to slow their breathing. If that doesn’t work, provide supplemental oxygen and transport to the hospital where physicians can determine the cause of hyperventilation
What is alkalosis?
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluid
Understand dyspnea
A shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. You will often encounter a patient complaint of dyspnea. It is a symptom of many different conditions like the common cold, asthma, heart failure or pulmonary embolisms.
What is the PASTE tool?
P: progression. Did the condition start suddenly or over time?
A: associated chest pain. Dyspnea can be a significant symptom of a cardiac problem.
S: Sputum. Has the patient been coughing up sputum? Mucus like sputum could indicate a respiratory infection.
T: talking tiredness. This could indicate how much distress the patient is in. Ask the patient to repeat a sentence and see how many words he can speak without needing to take a breath.
E: exercise tolerance. Ask the patient what he could do before the problem started like walk across the room. If he cannot do it now, it is another indicator that the person is in distress. Exercise tolerance will decrease as the breathing problem and hypoxia increase.
What is Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)?
A bacterium that can cause infection in different parts of the body and is resistant to commonly used antibiotics; it is transmitted by different routes including the respiratory route, and can be found in the skin, surgical wounds, In the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract.
What would be an underlying reason a patient’s sudden death from an AMI could be caused?
Approximately 40% of patients with AMI do not reach the hospital alive. Sudden death is usually the result of cardiac arrest, In which the heart fails to generate effective blood flow.
What are the risk factors or consequences of an AMI?
Sudden death
Cardiogenic shock
Congestive heart failure
Why would a patient experiencing AMI also developed cardiogenic shock?
Cardiogenic shock is most commonly found in an AMI That affects the inferior and posterior regions of the left ventricle of the heart because this provides circulation to the majority of the body. Cardiogenic shock can occur immediately or within 24 hours after the onset of an AMI.
What is ischemic heart disease?
A disease involving a decrease of blood flow to one or more portions of the heart muscle.
What are the effects of nitroglycerin as it relates to chest pain?
It may help to relieve the pain of angina. Nitroglycerin relaxes the muscle of the blood vessel walls, dilates coronary arteries, Increases blood flow and the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle, and decreases the workload of the heart.
What are side effects of nitroglycerin?
Can cause low blood pressure and or a severe headache, other side effects include changes in the patient’s pulse rate.
What does TACOS mean?
Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Over-the-counter medications/herbal supplements Sexual and street drugs
What does SAMPLE mean?
Symptoms Allergies Medications Past Medical History Last Oral Intake Events leading up to present injury
What does OPQRST mean?
Onset of the event Provocation/palliation Quality Region/radiation Severity Time
What are Bacteria?
They Grow and reproduce outside the human cell in the appropriate temperature and with appropriate nutrients
What are viruses?
Smaller than Bacteria; multiply only inside a host and die when exposed to the environment
What are Fungi?
Similar to bacteria in that they require the appropriate nutrients and organic material to grow
What are Protozoa?
Parasites that are one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which cause disease
What are Helminths?
Parasites that are invertebrates with long. Flexible, rpunded or flattened bodies
What is Hepatitis mean?
Refers to an inflammation (and often infection) of the liver.
How do you and how long does it take to be infected by Hepatitis A?
Fecal-oral, infected food or drink
2-6 wk
Vaccine is Available
How do you and how long does it take to be infected by Hepatitis B?
Blood, sexual contact, saliva, urine, breast milk
4-12 wk
Vaccine is Available
How do you and how long does it take to be infected by Hepatitis C?
Blood, Sexual Contact
2-10 wk
No vaccine
How do you and how long does it take to be infected by
Hepatitis D?
Blood, Sexual Contact
4-12 wk
No vaccine
How do you and how long does it take to be infected by
Toxin-Induced Hepatitis?
Inhalation, skin or mucous membrane exposure, oral ingestion, or intravenous administration
Within hours to days following exposure
What do you do when you encounter an ill patient with a recent travel history?
Place a mask onthe patient and gather as much information as possible
What masks are required to stop droplet nuclei?
N95 and HEPA masks
What makes up the Upper Airway?
Nose Mouth Jaw Oral Cavity Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx
What makes up the Lower Airway?
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli surrounded by Pulmonary Capillaries
What is the normal rate of breathing for Adults, Children, and Infants?
12-20 Adults
15-30 Children
25-50 Infants
What is Croup?
Inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
This disease is often secondary to an acute viral infection of the upper respratory tract and is typically seen in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. It is easily passed between children. Peak seasonal outbreaks if this disease occur in late fall and during winter. The disease starts with a cold, cough and a low grade fever that develops over 2 days. The Hallmark signs of croup are Strider and a seal-bark cough, which signal a narrowing of the air passage of the trachea that may progress into a significant obstruction. Crop is rarely seen in adults because their breathing passages are larger in can accommodate the inflammation and mucus production without producing symptoms.
Croup often responds well to humidified Oxygen. Note that bronchodilators are not indicated for Croup and can worsen a patient’s Symptoms.
What is Epiglottitis?
Life threatening inflammatory disease of the epiglottis, the small flap of tissue at the back of the throat that protects the larynx and trachea during swallowing. Bacterial infection is the most common cause. This condition usually develops in otherwise healthy children, and symptoms are sudden and onset. Children with this infection look ill, report a very sore throat, and have a high fever. They will often be found in the tripod position and drooling. Strider is a late sign in the development of airway obstruction. Treat children with suspected epiglottis gently and try not to do anything that will cause them to cry. Keep them in a position of comfort, and give them high flow Oxygen. Do NOT put anything in their mouth come as this could trigger a complete airway obstruction. You should be concerned if your adult patient presents with Strider or any other sign of airway obstruction without an obvious mechanical cause. Focus your management on maintaining a patient’s (adequate) airway, And provide prompt transport to the emergency department.
What is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
It is a common cause of illness in young children. It causes infection in the lungs and breathing passages, and can lead to other serious illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, as well as serious heart and lung problems in premature infants and in children who have depressed immune systems. RSV is highly contagious and it can spread through droplets when the patient coughs or sneezes. The virus can also survive on surfaces come including hands and clothing. When you assess a child with suspected RSV, look for signs of dehydration. Infants with RSV often refuse liquids. Treat airway and breathing problems as appropriate. Humidified oxygen is helpful if available.
What is Bronchiolitis?
It is a respiratory illness that occurs due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection and results in severe inflammation of the bronchioles. Bronchioles, the tiny airways that lead from the larger airways (bronchi) to the alveoli in the lungs come become inflamed, swell, and fill with mucus. It occurs most frequently in newborns and toddlers, especially boys, whose airways can easily become blocked. Infections are common during the Winter and Spring. Young children who require hospitalization for bronchiolitis are in an increased risk for developing childhood asthma. The treatment for a child suffering bronchiolitis is mainly supportive. You should provide appropriate oxygen therapy and allow the patient to remain in a position of comfort. Reassess frequently for signs of worsening respiratory distress. Be prepared to provide airway management and positive pressure ventilation should the patient developed respiratory failure.
What is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a general term that refers to an infection of the lungs. The infection collects in the surrounding normal lung tissues, in pairing the lungs ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Pneumonia is often a secondary infection common meaning it begins after an upper respiratory tract infection such as a cold or sore throat. It can be caused by virus or bacterium, Or by chemical injury after an accidental ingestion or a direct lung injury from a subverts submersion incident.
Bacterial pneumonia results in severe symptoms more quickly including high fevers, would put the child at risk for febrile seizures. If our own among you have presents more gradually and his less severe. Regardless of the cause, treatment includes airway support in providing supplemental oxygen. Use oxygen with appropriate adjuncts, and provide supportive measures if needed period of valuate patient treatment through reassessment and prepare for possible deterioration in the patient’s condition.
What is Pertussis?
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a airborne bacterial infection that primarily affects children younger than 6 years. Highly contagious and is passed through droplet infection. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a Whoop sounds on inspiration after a coughing attack. Symptoms similar to colds, but can last for more than a minute during which the child may turn red or purple.
In infants under 6 months Pertussis can be life threatening. Watch for signs of dehydration because children may vomit or not want to eat or drink. Give oxygen by the most appropriate means. Adults Pertussis does not cause to go whipping in when is that it doesn’t infants and toddlers. However, it can cause a severe upper respiratory infection, which can lead to pneumonia in geriatric patients or people with compromised immune systems
What is Influenza Type A?
It is an animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans. In 2009, the H1N1 strain of influenza type a became pandemic and outbreak that occurred on a global scale. Like seasonal flu, it may make chronic medical conditions worse. All strains of influenza type a are transmitted by direct contact with nasal secretions and aerosolized droplets from coughing and sneezing by infected people. Influenza type a virus can cause fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, and fatigue and may lead to pneumonia or dehydration.
What is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis TB is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB spreads by coughand is dangerous because many strains are resilient to antibiotics. TB most commonly affects the lungs but can also be found in almost any organ in the body, particularly the kidneys, spine, and lining of the brain and spinal cord (meninges). In some cases, TB can remain dormant (inactive) for years without causing symptoms or being infectious to other people. However when the person is in a state of weakened immunity, TB can become active again. The patient may not even be aware that he or she has the disease. Patients with active TB involving the lungs will report fever, coughing, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss. If lung infection becomes severe, the patient will experience shortness of breath, coughing, productive sputum, bloody sputum, and chest pain.
What is Hyperventilation syndrome(panic attack)?
Anxiety ,dizziness ,numbness, tingling of the hands and feet, spasms of the hands and feet. Patients often feel that they cannot catch their breath despite the rapid breathing. The syndrome occurs with the absence of other physical problems. It commonly occurs when the patient is experiencing psychological stress.
What happens to the body with anaphylaxis?
Airway swells, blood vessel Dilation all over the body which may significantly lower blood pressure, widespread hives, itching, signs of shock, and symptoms similar to asthma. The airway may swell so much that the breathing problems can progressed to total airway obstruction in a matter of minutes. Most reactions occur within 30 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
What is TIA(transient Ischemic attack)?
A disorder of the brain in which brain cells temporarily stops functioning because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely within 24hours of onset.
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a slow process of dilation is a disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction. COPD is an umbrella term used to describe a few long diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, an ongoing irritation of the trachea and bronchus. Most often it results from cigarette smoking. The most common form of COPD is emphysema.
What is Emphysema?
The most common form of COPD. It is a loss of the elastic material in the lungs that occurs when the alveolar air spaces are chronically stretched due to inflamed airways and obstruction of air flow out of the lungs. Patients may present with adventures breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes, or may have severely diminished breath sounds due to poor air movement.
Whats the difference between Congestive Heart Failure and COPD?
Sounds?
CHF will most often sound Wet (Rhonchi, Crackles)
Happen quicker onset fluid overload
COPD will often have Dry sounds (Wheezes)
Happen slower onset of symptoms
What is Asthma?
In acute spasm of the Bronchioles associated with excessive mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages. 25 million Americans have asthma with highest prevalence rate seen in children aged 5 to 17.
What does PASTE mean?
In relation to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Progression- did it start suddenly or over time
Associated chest pain-
Sputum
Talking Tiredness
Exercise Tolerance- what can you do before and now after incident
What does Cystic Fibrosis (CF) affect?
Genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system.
What is the order of electrical impulses in the heart?
SA
AV
slowed for 1-2 tenths a second to allow blood to pass from Atria to Ventricls
Bundle of His
Left and Right Bundle Branches and the Purkinje Fibers
What are the 2 parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?
Also known as “Fight or Flight” system that compensates for increased Physical Activity
Speeds up Heart Rate
Increases Respiratory Rate and Depth
Dilates blood vessels in the Muscles
Constricts blood vessels in the Digestive System
Takes Primary control during stress
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?
Directly Opposes the Sympathetic Nervous System
Slows the Heart Rate
Slows the Respiratory Rate
Constricts blood vessels in the Muscles
Dilates blood vessels in the Digestive System
Takes Primary control in relaxation
